Résilience et ambidextrie organisationnelle : le cas des entreprises familiales.

https://www.strategie-aims.com/conferences/37-xxxiveme-conference-de-l-aims/themesLes entreprises familiales, représentant 90 % des entreprises dans le monde, se distinguent par leur résilience en période de crise. L’objectif de cette étude est d’examiner comment l'ambidextrie organisationnelle – équilibre entre exploration de nouvelles opportunités et l'exploitation des ressources existantes – contribue à cette résilience. Des entretiens menés auprès de dirigeants d’entreprises familiales révèlent que leur ambidextrie organisationnelle porte notamment sur la richesse socio-émotionnelle qui leur permette de préserver leurs valeurs fondamentales tout en innovant pour faire face aux défis externes. Il en est de même concernant leurs dynamiques décisionnelles, marquées par une oscillation continue entre le maintien des traditions et la recherche de transformations. Cette dualité permanente illustre leur capacité à gérer les tensions entre émotions et rationalité, passé et avenir, stabilité et changement. Notre étude souligne l'importance stratégique de l'ambidextrie pour les entreprises familiales et positionne leur complexité inhérente comme une force motrice de leur résilience

Identification and evolution of rickets and scurvy therapeutics between the 17th and 19th centuries CE: archaeo- and palaeopharmacological approach

In France, during the 18th-19th centuries, the period of industrial transition saw major socio-economic changes that had an impact on population health, and in particular on deficiency diseases such as rickets and scurvy. As part of health archaeology , this study combines two complementary approaches: archaeopharmacology - identification of therapeutics through artefacts and textual sources (e.g. ancient medical theses and treatises, pharmacopoeia, archives) and palaeopharmacology - identification of therapeutics through archaeometric analysis of ancient human remains (e.g. bones, teeth, dental calculus). For rickets and scurvy, medico-historical literature has traced traditional treatments based on plant (e.g. hemlock, opium, cinchona), animal (cod liver oil), or metals such as mercury. Despite its toxicity, mercury was widely used in medicine since the 17th century in syrups, ointments, and fumigations.The palaeopathological study of individual SP5, a 3- to 4-year-old child from the Rue Thubeuf cemetery in Rouen (late 18th-19th centuries), revealed multiple signs of bone deficiencies, likely attributable to rickets and scurvy. His osteoarchaeological remains were analysed for mercury content. The SP5 deciduous second molar was sampled to detect signs of vitamin D deficiency responsible for rickets in the dentine, using micro-computed tomography to obtain deficiencies information occurring during tooth development as dental tissues are not remodelled during life. In contrast, a thoracic vertebra was selected to gather information about the last months of life. Mercury was detected in these samples using a three-stage protocol to minimise the invasive nature of the study: 1- detection by ED-XRF (Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence), 2- quantification by CV-AAS (Cold Vapour-Atomic Absorption Spectrometry), 3- localisation in the mineral structure by LIBS (Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy).A minor episode of deficiency between birth and six months of age was detected by μCT, but was not related to observed bone deformities. However, the ED-XRF spectrum of the bone sample revealed a mercury peak, which was not observable in the dental sample. CV-AAS analysis revealed a high concentration of mercury in the vertebra (9.373 mg/kg ± 10%). The high mercury concentration in the vertebra suggests severe ante-mortem intoxication, supporting thehypothesis of mercury treatment for deficiencies, as other contamination sources (e.g., Rouen’s socio-cultural context, soil metallogeny, environmental factors, occupational exposure) were ruled out. In conclusion, SP5 may represent the first documented case of mercury treatment for vitamin deficiency, highlighting the value of paleopharmacology in linking archaeometric data with historical medical sources to better understand past therapeutic practices

Generation of metabolomic-informed models of metabolism for microbial communities

La génération de réseaux métaboliques à l'échelle du génome est devenue une analyse de routine pour des organismes individuels ou des communautés. Cependant, ces réseaux métaboliques générés automatiquement sont incomplets car ils sont construits sur la base de la combinaison de l'annotation des gènes et des réactions disponibles dans des bases de données génériques (Metacyc, BIGG, ModelSEED...). Ces bases de données sont orientées vers des organismes bien connus ou des organismes modèles et passent à côté de fonctions importantes du métabolisme secondaire. Nous proposons de combiner l'analyse de données métabolomiques, la modélisation métabolique et l'annotation métabolique et la modélisation métabolique et l'annotation minière pour construire des modèles de haute qualité du métabolisme microbien avec l'objectif à long terme d'une meilleure compréhension des communautés microbiennes. En termes d'application des méthodes aux communautés microbiennes végétales, nous espérons que les modèles nouvellement développés permettront de mieux comprendre le processus de recrutement microbien par la plante : fonctions métaboliques impliquées, micro-organismes associés à ces fonctions.The generation of genome-wide metabolic networks has become a routine analysis for individual organisms or communities communities. However, these automatically generated metabolic networks are incomplete because they are constructed by based on the combination of gene annotation and reactions available in generic available in generic databases (Metacyc, BIGG, ModelSEED...). These are oriented towards well-known organisms or organisms or model organisms and miss out on important functions secondary metabolism. We propose to combine metabolomic data analysis, metabolic modelling and annotation metabolic modelling and annotation mining to build high-quality models of high quality models of microbial metabolism with the long-term aim of better understanding of microbial communities. In terms of application of the methods to plant microbial communities, we hope that the plant microbial communities, we hope that the newly developed models will provide a better understanding of the process of microbial recruitment by the plant: metabolic functions involved, micro-organisms associated with these functions.Computationel models of crop plant microbial biodiversit

Am J Epidemiol

Numerous studies assessing the effectiveness of non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) against COVID-19 have produced conflicting results, partly due to methodological differences. This study aims to clarify these discrepancies by comparing two frequently used approaches in terms of parameter bias and confidence interval coverage of NPI effectiveness parameters. We compared two-step approaches, where NPI effects are regressed on by-products of a first analysis, such as the effective reproduction number ${\mathcal{R}}_t$, with more integrated models that jointly estimate NPI effects and transmission rates in a single-step approach. We simulated datasets with mechanistic and an agent-based models and analyzed them with both mechanistic models and a two-step regression procedure. In the latter, ${\mathcal{R}}_t$ was estimated first and then used as the outcome in a linear regression with NPI variables as predictors. Mechanistic models consistently outperformed two-step regressions, exhibiting minimal bias (0-5%) and accurate confidence interval coverage. Conversely, the two-step regression showed bias up to 25%, with significantly lower-than-nominal confidence interval coverage, reflecting challenges in uncertainty propagation. We identified additional challenges in the two-step regression method, such high depletion of susceptibles and time lags in observational data. Our findings suggest caution when using two-step regression methods for estimating NPI effectiveness.University of Bordeaux Graduate School in Digital Public HealthInitiative for the creation of a Vaccine Research Institut

Clin Infect Dis

BACKGROUND: The impact of long-term virological suppression and CD4 count recovery on non-AIDS defining cancers (NADC) is unclear. We determined whether poor immune recovery was associated with incident cancer risk in people with HIV with virological suppression (VS). METHODS: Participants from the D:A:D and RESPOND collaborations in Europe and Australia who achieved ≥2 years of VS on ART between Dec 1999 and Dec 2022 were included. Follow-up was from baseline (date of VS for two years) until the earliest of a first cancer event, virological failure, final follow-up, or administrative censoring date. Multivariable Poisson regression was used to assess associations between cancer incidence (overall, AIDS-defining cancer (ADC), NADC, infection-related, infection-unrelated) and time-updated CD4 count stratified by pre-ART nadir CD4 counts. RESULTS: Overall, 48,343 people with VS were included (median [IQR] baseline age 43 years [37-50], CD4 count 540 cells/µL [380-730], nadir CD4 count 245 cells/µL [121-394], 74% male). There were 1,933 incident cancers, median 6.2 years [2.9-9.5] (incidence rate (IR): 6.43 [95%CI 6.15-6.73]/1000 person-years). Higher time-updated CD4 count was associated with a reduced risk of overall cancer (adjusted incidence rate ratio [aIRR] for time-updated CD4 350-499: 0.45 [95%CI 0.39-0.51]; 500-749: 0.30 [0.27-0.34], and ≥750: 0.26 [0.23-0.30] vs. <350 cells/µL, p<0.0001). There was a significant reduction in all cancers risk by higher time-updated CD4 count regardless of nadir CD4 count, with higher pre-ART nadir CD4 count exhibiting lower risk. CONCLUSIONS: Despite VS on ART for more than two years, people with poorer immune recovery experience a significantly higher incidence of cancer

Sports Med Open

BACKGROUND: After an anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR), mounting evidence suggests that open kinetic chain (OKC) strengthening is safe, reduces the risk of anterior knee pain, and significantly improves the quadriceps strength. However, clinicians are reluctant to use OKC knee strengthening exercises mainly due to the strong beliefs that they might increase graft laxity. The objective of this scoping review is to identify the key criteria employed in the scientific literature for the safe introduction of OKC quadriceps strengthening following ACLR. METHODS: A scoping review of the literature was conducted on the online databases MEDLINE (PubMed), ScienceDirect, Embase and CINAHL Library online. Data regarding time-based criteria and/or clinical based criteria allowing OKC exercises introduction following ACLR were searched for. Only studies involving patients who performed quadriceps strengthening using any type of OKC exercises were included, regardless of the type, resistance location, load magnitude, type of muscle contraction, knee range of motion, or duration of the strengthening protocol. RESULTS: Twenty-six studies met the inclusion criteria. Twenty-one employed time-based criteria for the introduction of OKC exercise. The median time from when OKC was permitted was 15 postoperative days (range 1-270 days), while the mean time was 31.6 ± 56.7 postoperative days. In 30.7% of the studies additional clinical examination components were used. These components included range of motion (0-100°), numeric pain scale score < 2 or 3, absence of joint effusion (assess by the stroke test), full knee active extension (assess by the straight leg raise), and walking without crutches for the decision-making regarding OKC exercise introduction. CONCLUSION: Less than one study in 3 reported clinical criteria for the introduction of OKC exercise. This highlights the absence of consensus among surgeons and physiotherapists, thereby hindering their ability to make informed decisions based on scientific evidence. Although the use of OKC exercise appears to be safe, precautions to maintain the integrity of the surgical repair need to be implemented. The establishment of valid criteria is crucial to support evidence-based decision-making