HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY IN ATHLETES - A LITERATURE REVIEW

Background: Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is one of the most common hereditary heart muscle disorders. It is characterised by unexplained left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH). In competitive sports, HCM can be particularly dangerous. It is a well-recognised leading cause of sudden cardiac death (SCD) among young athletes. Aim: This study aimed to provide a comprehensive review of the current understanding of HCM within athletic populations, with a focus on the differences in pathophysiology compared to normal physiological adaptation. Material and methods: Between April and July 2025, we searched the PubMed, Google Scholar, and PMC databases. We used both Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) and keywords in the free text. The search was limited to studies on humans. Due to the heterogeneity of the materials used, no statistical analyses or quantitative pooling were performed. The narrative was based on PRISMA principles. Research results: HCM is a genetic disorder caused by mutations in sarcomere-affecting genes. These abnormalities result in abnormal energy metabolism, disturbances in calcium homeostasis and oxidative stress. This generates an energy deficit, which is exacerbated further during competitive sports. This mechanism can lead to life-threatening complications. Distinguishing between the heart's physiological adaptation to intense physical exertion and HCM requires an assessment of ventricular geometry, diastolic and systolic performance, coronary perfusion and the body's response to exercise testing. Conclusion: HCM presents many challenges to sports medicine and diagnosis requires advanced tests. Thanks to extensive research on HCM, the range of therapeutic options in both pharmacotherapy and surgical treatment is constantly expanding

REHABILITATION AFTER ACL RECONSTRUCTION AND THE RISK OF SECONDARY CONTRALATERAL INJURY: A LITERATURE REVIEW OF RETURN TO SPORT TIME AND FUNCTIONAL CONTROL

Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries are highly prevalent among athletes participating in pivoting sports and often result in functional limitations and long-term performance decline. While ipsilateral re-ruptures have been extensively studied, the risk of contralateral ACL injuries following reconstruction remains insufficiently explored. This review aimed to analyze literature published between 2020 and 2025 to investigate the relationship between rehabilitation duration and the incidence of contralateral ACL injury, as well as to propose return-to-sport (RTS) recommendations. A narrative review was conducted using PubMed, MDPI, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar, with 20 studies meeting the inclusion criteria. These studies focused on athletic populations aged 15 to 40 years and addressed RTS timing and secondary injury outcomes. Results showed that athletes who returned to sport before nine months post-surgery had up to a fourfold increased risk of contralateral ACL injury. Key risk factors included lower limb strength asymmetry (LSI <90%), insufficient psychological readiness (ACL-RSI <70), and compensatory biomechanical patterns such as stiffer landings and altered joint loading. The findings support a minimum rehabilitation duration of 9–12 months, with RTS decisions guided by functional, psychological, and biomechanical criteria to reduce the risk of reinjury

ELECTRONIC BANKING: THE NEW FACE OF MODERNIZING THE ALGERIAN SERVICES SECTOR - REALITY AND PROSPECTS

The banking sector is the engine of the economic fabric of countries, so Algeria has worked on successive reforms, the latest of which was the issuance of the Monetary and Banking Law of 2023, as a strategy to diversify the banking operations of banks and financial institutions.The world of banking has witnessed a scientific transformation in terms of the dimensions and objectives of banks’ strategies in the last few decades. This was a logical result of the revolution of new technologies in media and communication and the globalization of the financial and banking markets. Perhaps this is what led banking institutions in particular and financial institutions in general to move towards providing a new type of services in line with what has become characteristic of the banking market. Hence, some believe that banks must develop their performance in line with the surrounding conditions, embodying this development in electronic banking. This study aims to understand the reality of electronic banking in Algeria and the mechanisms for its implementation

POLITICAL GRAFFITI AS A TYPE OF POLITICAL COMMUNICATION

The present paper examines political graffiti as a significant form of street art and political communication. This urban expression reflects both contemporary social issues and global tensions, while simultaneously revealing nationalist, racist, and homophobic ideologies. Urban walls serve as valuable research sites, functioning as "litmus paper" that captures major social shifts and eruptions of contradictory opinions. Through this lens, we can observe the visual documentation of both domestic and international political dynamics.This article examines the role of political graffiti in Batumi (a small town in Western Georgia), how graffiti artists shape public discourse, what types of political issues appear in these works, and how the city government responds to political inscriptions

CAN DARK CHOCOLATE IMPROVE OUR COGNITIVE SKILLS? EVALUATING THE IMPACT OF COCOA FLAVANOLS ON FUNCTION OF THE BRAIN – A REVIEW ARTICLE

This review evaluates the impact of cocoa consumption, particularly flavanol-rich dark chocolate, on cognitive function based on evidence from 25 human studies. A structured literature search was conducted in the PubMed database using predefined keywords, and relevant studies were selected according to methodological quality and relevance. Cognitive domains assessed included memory, processing speed, executive function, and visual cognition. Findings from randomized controlled trials and meta-analyses indicate modest cognitive benefits, especially in long-term memory and processing speed, primarily among middle-aged and older adults following chronic flavanol intake. Functional neuroimaging studies support underlying mechanisms such as enhanced cerebral perfusion, increased neuronal efficiency, and modulation of hippocampal function. Short-term improvements were observed in episodic and spatial memory, reaction time, and visual sensitivity. However, results across studies are inconsistent. Large-scale trials, notably the COSMOS project, reported no significant cognitive benefits from daily cocoa flavanol supplementation in the general population, though limited improvements were noted in individuals with poor dietary quality. Some trials reported null or adverse outcomes, particularly in younger adults and when cocoa was combined with omega-3 fatty acids. In conclusion, cocoa flavanol intake may confer cognitive benefits in specific populations and contexts. However, variation in study design, dosing, and baseline characteristics limits generalizability. Further research is warranted to establish optimal intake regimens, identify responsive subgroups, and determine long-term safety

UTILIZED NATURAL GAS VOLUME FROM GAS STORAGE IN TOTAL NATURAL GAS CONSUMPTION AND IMPACT ON TARIFF IN GEORGIA

In Georgia in the case of gas storage construction, import dependence and purchase of imported gas during peak load periods, when the price of natural gas is the highest among the seasons of the year, will be partially reduced, which will contribute to reducing household tariffs. Georgia has interest in implementing a gas storage project. In case of construction of an underground gas storage facility, the country will receive a strategically important facility that will ensure energy security, uninterrupted and reliable gas supply to consumers, and diversify in case of gas supply disruptions in critical situations

ECO-INNOVATION IN THE FOOD SECTOR: NAVIGATING ENTREPRENEURIAL PRACTICES AND FUTURE CHALLENGES FOR SUSTAINABLE ADVANCEMENT

The intersection of sustainability and innovation within the food industry presents a critical research area, particularly as global environmental challenges increase. Sustainable transformative innovations refer to significant advances that fundamentally alter the systems and practices of food production, distribution and consumption, advancing towards practices that minimize the ecological impact while promoting economic viability and social equity. These innovations cover a variety of practices, including regenerative agriculture, vertical agriculture, plant -based food technology and waste reduction initiatives, all aimed at establishing a more resistant food system

AN OVERVIEW OF UNIVERSITY, TRAINING, AND CAREER QUALIFICATIONS: A FOCUS ON THE SIGNIFICANCE AND CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE JOB MARKET AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN ALGERIA

The professional future and employment prospects are the main worries for young academics, including those based in Algeria. While young people are engaged in their university education, they are also actively seeking ways to enhance their skills and talents. One of the most critical contemporary issues and problems faced by young academics is the need to acquire professional qualifications and prepare for entry into the job market and entrepreneurship. Algerian universities are dedicated to customizing their training programs in order to cater to the demands of the job market. Due to the state's focus on entrepreneurship and the successful endeavors of many young individuals in self-employment, they actively promote creativity and personal growth, particularly in light of the opportunities presented by the digital era. Our article examines how Algerian university training programs contribute to preparing young Algerian students for the job market and entrepreneurship

ENSURING CONSISTENT TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT THROUGH INFORMATION SUPPORT ON ROAD APPROACH SECTIONS TO MAJOR CITIES

An increase in the number of vehicles results in higher traffic flow intensity and density, which affects the emergence of an inefficient, congested and potentially dangerous traffic regime. Under such conditions, the management of individual vehicles does not provide effective control over the functioning of the transport system as a whole. In addition, the modern needs to adapt to growing demand through the implementation of intelligent control subsystems capable of monitoring, analyzing, and performing real-time traffic control.The growth in the intensity and density of traffic flows affects the likelihood of traffic accidents and congestion and, as a result, increases travel time. Therefore, there is a need to create a specialized control subsystem capable of managing traffic flows, analyzing them, assessing the current state of the transport system, and predicting further developments. To create such a subsystem, it is necessary to analyze and study traffic flows in more detail, create a simulation model to understand the problem and the algorithm of actions to solve it.The article substantiates the necessity of creating such a subsystem for the sections of highway approaches to large and major cities. The stages of building a traffic simulation model are presented, the principles of the control process of algorithmization are considered, as well as the use of PTV VISSIM software for real-time simulation

GRAVES' ORBITOPATHY: AN UPDATED REVIEW OF PATHOGENESIS, CLINICAL FEATURES, AND TREATMENT STRATEGIES

Graves’ orbitopathy (GO) otherwise known as thyroid ophthalmopathy or thyroid eye disease (TED) is an ocular disorder that involves autoimmune inflammation of the soft tissues of the orbit. This leads to exophthalmos of the eyeballs and a range of other associated ocular symptoms. It is a complication of the ongoing inflammatory process in the course of Graves-Basedow disease, which leads to temporary or permanent damage to the eye. Orbitopathy most often accompanies hyperthyroidism and is rarely the only symptom of Graves' disease