Dalhousie University
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Triggering Change in Child Protection Law: A Case Study of Firearms and Domestic Violence in Nova Scotia, Manitoba, and Ontario
The intertwining complexities of child protection, domestic violence, and firearms pose profound challenges for families and the legal system. This paper examines their interplay, focusing on how these issues can subject children to harm, with a specific focus on case law and relevant legislation from Nova Scotia, Manitoba, and Ontario. These three provinces have been selected due to: i) the locality and inherent relevance of Nova Scotia’s jurisdiction given the location of the Schulich School of Law, ii) the high number of reported court decisions in Ontario, and the unique protections created through amending the Child, Youth, and Family Services Act, and iii) the relevance of Manitoba in this analysis as it has seen a stark increase (+103%) in firearm-related crimes over the last few years. While legislative reforms address the recognition of domestic violence, additional measures are necessary to mitigate the potential harm posed by firearms in abusive environments, which will ultimately safeguard the welfare of children
Don’t Mess with Mr. In-Between
In a separate, related paper, we reveal and criticize an important “methodical error” which is commonly made in labour law jurisprudence. In this paper, we undertake a review of the attempts by Canadian and UK legislators and decision makers to overcome some of the problems of applying labour law’s traditional orthodoxy in the face of an ever more complex world by creating new categories “in between” the existing classes of employees and independent contractors. These attempts often fail precisely because they perpetuate the traditional approach and its methodological error, maintaining its perverse incentive structures. Our advice: “Don’t mess with Mr. In-Between”.
Dans un article distinct, mais connexe, nous révélons et critiquons une « erreur méthodologique » importante qui est couramment commise dans la jurisprudence du droit du travail. Dans le présent article, nous examinons les efforts déployés par les législateurs et les décideurs canadiens et britanniques pour surmonter certains des problèmes liés à l’application de l’orthodoxie traditionnelle du droit du travail dans un monde de plus en plus complexe, en créant de nouvelles catégories « intermédiaires » entre les catégories existantes d’employés et d’entrepreneurs indépendants. Ces tentatives échouent souvent précisément parce qu’elles perpétuent l’approche traditionnelle et son erreur méthodologique, en maintenant ses structures perverses d’incitation. Notre conseil : ne vous asseyez pas entre deux chaises
The Impact of Artificial Intelligence on Access to Justice: Predictive Analytics and the Legal Services Market
This paper examines how developers of predictive analytics—a technology using artificial intelligence (AI) to predict the outcomes of legal disputes—position their product vis-à-vis access to justice. In particular, it examines how two companies market their software to better understand how this technology is being integrated into the legal services market and to comment on the software’s potential impact on access to justice. The first part of this paper reviews the access to justice landscape and examines existing critiques of AI supported technology from an access to justice perspective. The second part briefly outlines the scope and design of the study, while the third section reports and comments on the findings. Here, I note that these companies make several claims about their technology that, if true, could have a positive impact on access to justice. Specifically, both companies claim that their software will result in time savings, improved access to the law, improved legal clarity, and increased legal certainty. While these claims have some merit, their actual potential to improve access to justice is limited by the economic reality of the legal services market.
Le présent article examine comment les développeurs de logiciels d’analyse prédictive—une technologie utilisant l’intelligence artificielle (IA) pour prédire l’issue de litiges juridiques—positionnent leur produit par rapport à l’accès à la justice. Il examine en particulier comment deux entreprises commercialisent leurs logiciels en vue d’une meilleure compréhension de l’intégration de cette technologie dans le marché des services juridiques et d’une analyse de l’impact potentiel des logiciels sur l’accès à la justice. La première partie de cet article étudie le paysage de l’accès à la justice et passe en revue les critiques actuelles des technologies reposant sur l’IA du point de vue de l’accès à la justice. La deuxième partie décrit brièvement la conception et la portée de l’étude, tandis que la troisième présente les conclusions et des commentaires. Je tiens à souligner ici que les entreprises en question avancent plusieurs arguments selon lesquels, s’ils s’avèrent exacts, leur technologie pourrait avoir un impact positif sur l’accès à la justice. Plus précisément, les deux entreprises affirment que leurs logiciels mèneront à des gains de temps, à une amélioration de l’accès au droit, à une clarté juridique accrue et à une certitude juridique renforcée. Bien que ces affirmations aient un certain bien-fondé, leur potentiel réel d’améliorer l’accès à la justice est limité par la réalité économique du marché des services juridiques
The Deterrence Dilemma: Is it Time for Canada to Abandon General Deterrence as a Sentencing Objective?
When Canada first codified its sentencing framework in the Criminal Code, Parliament included deterrence as a sentencing objective. The sentencing objective of deterrence encompasses two aspects: specific deterrence for the individual offender and general deterrence for other potential offenders. I engage with the concept of general deterrence and its incorporation into Canadian sentencing law throughout this article. I argue that Parliament should abandon general deterrence as a sentencing objective under the Criminal Code. After reviewing the jurisprudence on general deterrence and conducting a systematic review of its current application in Ontario sentencing decisions, I argue that general deterrence should be abandoned as a sentencing objective for two reasons. First, overwhelming empirical research demonstrates that general deterrence is ineffective at reducing crime. Second, the application of general deterrence as a sentencing objective could exacerbate systemic race-based discrimination in sentencing.
Lorsque le Canada a codifié pour la première fois son cadre de détermination de la peine dans le Code criminel, le Parlement a inclus la dissuasion comme objectif. L’objectif de dissuasion en matière de détermination de la peine comprend deux aspects : la dissuasion spécifique pour la personne délinquante et la dissuasion générale pour les autres délinquants potentiels. Dans cet article, j’aborde le concept de dissuasion générale et son intégration dans le droit canadien en matière de détermination de la peine. Je soutiens que le Parlement devrait abandonner la dissuasion générale comme objectif de détermination de la peine dans le Code criminel. Après avoir examiné la jurisprudence en matière de dissuasion générale et procédé à un examen systématique de son application actuelle dans les décisions de l’Ontario touchant la détermination de la peine, j’affirme que la dissuasion générale devrait être abandonnée comme objectif pour deux raisons. Premièrement, d’abondantes recherches empiriques démontrent que la dissuasion générale est inefficace pour réduire la criminalité. Deuxièmement, l’application de la dissuasion générale comme objectif de détermination de la peine pourrait exacerber la discrimination systémique fondée sur la race dans la détermination de la peine
Teachers and the Law: Diverse Roles and New Challenges, 5th Edition
An invaluable resource for teachers and other education professionals, Teachers and the Law provides the legal knowledge necessary to fulfill multiple roles and to succeed in the modern Canadian classroom. Teachers will be equipped to address a wide range of issues, including technology and social media, harassment, bullying, censorship, Indigenous education, privacy, equality, and more.
This edition reflects updated legislation relating to the ever-evolving rights of teachers, students, and parents, as well as emphasizing the impact that courts and human rights tribunals have in shaping educational policies and practices. It also features updated coverage of both societal and national challenges facing today’s teachers, including the use of technology in classrooms, increases in school violence, the lingering effects of the COVID-19 pandemic, and more.
Chapter 1: Introduction to the Legal Framework
Chapter 2: Teachers as Parents
Chapter 3: Teachers as Educational State Agents
Chapter 4: Teachers as Guardians of Equality
Chapter 5: Teachers as Agents of the Police
Chapter 6: Teachers as Social Welfare Agents
Chapter 7: Teachers as Employees
Chapter 8: The Role of Technology in the Classroom and Beyond
Chapter 9: The Modern Teacher: Adapting to Evolving Realities
Appendix 9A: A Framework for Ethical Decision Makinghttps://digitalcommons.schulichlaw.dal.ca/faculty_books/1122/thumbnail.jp
Legal Ethics and the Attorney General: A Canadian Analysis
In Canada, the Attorney General holds a complex and unique role within the federal, provincial, and territorial governments. Despite this key position, there is relatively little knowledge and understanding of the role and professional responsibilities of the Attorney General among the public, the media, policymakers, and politicians – including at least some Attorney Generals themselves. Legal Ethics and the Attorney General adopts a doctrinal approach to examine and explain how legal ethics, and particularly the law of lawyering, applies to the Attorney General.
The book illustrates that, while the role of the Attorney General is unique, the individual occupying this position practises law and should be held to the same standards as any other lawyer. It addresses common misconceptions: that the Attorney General is not truly a lawyer, that actions deemed wrongful for other lawyers may not be considered wrongful for the Attorney General, or that the accountability measures appropriate for lawyers do not apply to the Attorney General.
Ultimately, Legal Ethics and the Attorney General reveals the importance of the accountability of the Attorney General, especially to the provincial and territorial law societies that serve as regulators of the legal profession. This accountability is essential not only for upholding the rule of law but also for enabling these societies to fulfil their statutory mandates to regulate the legal profession in the public interest.https://digitalcommons.schulichlaw.dal.ca/faculty_books/1121/thumbnail.jp
Re-Reading Power Inside the AML-CTF Regime
Money laundering and money laundering controls are having a global moment. Many jurisdictions around the world—some more than others—feature regularly in news cycles for either offences to do with money laundering or sanctions avoidance or the laxity of controls that enable such activities. The mainstream media has reported on stories about banks in Canada and football clubs in Italy, about charities in the UK and the real estate industry in the US. Each revelation prompts mea culpas from offenders—TD Bank in Canada is one such example—and often, a raft of new or enhanced regulatory measures.
Critically, the point that remains overlooked is that this regulation is neither apolitical in its construction nor neutral in its application. This article deploys the lens of power to analyse the evolution of the global anti-money laundering and counter terrorism financing regime. Using insights from the vast literature on power across disciplines such as sociology, politics, law and philosophy, it is argued that the global AML-CTF architecture exemplifies the ideas and the practices central to the construction of a power edifice. To understand why laundering continues unabated despite the ratcheting up of regulations, one needs to examine these structures of power.
Le blanchiment d’argent et les contrôles anti-blanchiment sont actuellement au coeur de l’actualité mondiale. Bon nombre de pays, certains plus que d’autres, font régulièrement la une des nouvelles soit pour des infractions liées au blanchiment d’argent ou au contournement des sanctions, soit pour le laxisme des contrôles qui permet de telles pratiques. Les médias grand public ont fait état d’affaires impliquant des banques au Canada, des clubs de football en Italie , des organisations caritatives au Royaume-Uni et le secteur immobilier aux États-Unis . Chaque révélation suscite des mea culpa de la part des contrevenants—la Banque TD au Canada en est un exemple—et souvent, une série de mesures réglementaires nouvelles ou renforcées.
Cependant, ce que l’on oublie souvent, c’est que la réglementation n’est ni apolitique dans sa conception ni neutre dans son application. Cet article analyse l’évolution du régime mondial de lutte contre le blanchiment d’argent et contre le financement du terrorisme sous l’angle du pouvoir . S’appuyant sur les nombreuses publications consacrées au pouvoir dans des domaines tels que la sociologie, la politique, le droit et la philosophie, il soutient que l’architecture mondiale de lutte contre le blanchiment d’argent et contre le financement du terrorisme illustre les idées et les pratiques qui sont au coeur de la construction d’un édifice de pouvoir. Pour comprendre pourquoi le blanchiment se poursuit sans relâche malgré le renforcement des réglementations, il faut examiner ces structures de pouvoir
Nourishing the Living Tree: Vincent MacDonald and His Constitutional Thought
Since the enactment of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, Canadian judges have increasingly approached the Constitution through a living constitutionalist lens, adapting the Constitution to contemporary realities and treating the text as but one interpretive modality alongside purpose and context. The Supreme Court has rooted this living constitutionalism in the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council’s judgment, Edwards v Attorney General of Canada, wherein Lord Sankey introduced the metaphor of the “living tree.” Justice Robert Sharpe and Professor Patricia McMahon have suggested that the “living tree metaphor remained a forgotten footnote until 1982.” Indeed, more formalist approaches towards both constitutional and statutory interpretation endured well into the 20th century. In this article, I argue that Vincent MacDonald, who served, inter alia, as Dean of Dalhousie Law School and then as a Justice of the Supreme Court of Nova Scotia, did much to keep living constitutionalism alive during the mid-20th century. Drawing on MacDonald’s published writings and jurisprudence as well as on a wealth of archival sources, I argue that MacDonald articulated and implemented a robust vision of living constitutionalism at a time when many of his peers advocated for a return to the original intentions of the Fathers of Confederation. MacDonald advocated for a type of living constitutionalism known as common law constitutionalism, based upon respect for precedent, recognition of judicial discretion, and appreciation for clear legal reasoning. In laying out the tenets of MacDonald’s constitutional thought and contrasting his thought with that of his contemporaries, I complicate the existing narrative on Canada’s 20th century constitutional development.
Depuis l’adoption de la Charte canadienne des droits et libertés, les juges canadiens abordent de plus en plus la Constitution dans une optique de constitutionnalisme vivant, en adaptant la Constitution aux réalités contemporaines et en traitant le texte comme une simple modalité d’interprétation parmi d’autres, au même titre que l’objet et le contexte. La Cour suprême a fondé ce constitutionnalisme vivant sur l’arrêt Edwards c. Procureur général du Canada rendu par le Comité judiciaire du Conseil privé, dans lequel Lord Sankey a introduit la métaphore de « l’arbre vivant ». Le juge Robert Sharpe et la professeure Patricia McMahon ont fait remarquer que « la métaphore de l’arbre vivant est restée une note de bas de page oubliée jusqu’en 1982 ». En effet, des approches plus formalistes de l’interprétation de la Constitution et des lois ont perduré jusqu’au 20e siècle. Dans cet article, je soutiens que Vincent MacDonald, qui a notamment été doyen de l’École de droit de Dalhousie, puis juge à la Cour suprême de Nouvelle-Écosse, a beaucoup contribué à maintenir le constitutionnalisme vivant au milieu du 20e siècle. En m’appuyant sur les écrits publiés de MacDonald, sur la jurisprudence et sur de nombreuses sources d’archives, je soutiens que MacDonald a élaboré et mis en oeuvre une vision solide du constitutionnalisme vivant à une époque où bon nombre de ses pairs préconisaient un retour aux intentions initiales des Pères de la Confédération. MacDonald prônait un type de constitutionnalisme vivant connu sous le nom de constitutionnalisme de common law, fondé sur le respect des précédents, la reconnaissance du pouvoir discrétionnaire des juges et l’appréciation d’un raisonnement juridique clair. En exposant les principes de la pensée constitutionnelle de MacDonald et en la comparant à celle de ses contemporains, je complexifie le récit existant sur le constitutionnalisme évolutif du Canada au 20e siècle
Tracy Anne Cloud & Kerry Lee Morris-Cormier: Implementing Indigenous Protected Conservation Areas
Join student writer, Rachel, for a discussion of Indigenous Protected Conservation Areas (IPCA) with two members from the Trilateral Team, Tracy Anne Cloud and Kerry Lee Morris-Cormier, at Mi’gmawe’l Tplu’taqnn Incorporated (MTI). Rachel speaks with Tracy Anne and Kerry Lee about what it looks like to implement an IPCA here in the Maritimes and motivations behind it. Rachel, Tracy Anne and Kerry Lee discuss challenges and critiques of IPCAs and finish with some advice for Indigenous nations and organizations that are wanting to develop their own IPCAs