Design and Development of a Capacitance Sensor for Gas/Gas or Gas/Liquid Void Fraction Detection

A capacitance-based void fraction sensor was designed to detect a range of liquids and gases. The sensor comprises two semi-concave copper electrodes mounted on a hollow cylindrical glass tube. When a radio frequency signal is applied, variations in the dielectric constant of the surrounding medium cause measurable phase shifts in the signal. Experiments with tap water, distilled water, and ethanol showed that the phase shift is directly correlated with the dielectric constant of the liquid. To study gas-phase behaviour, measurements were carried out under mesoporous conditions (10% liquid and 90% gas flow), allowing characterisation of gas molecules based on their dielectric responses. Signal variations were captured using a digital storage oscilloscope, and the observed phase shifts were compared with theoretical values computed using Mathematica. The experimental findings closely matched the theoretical predictions, validating the sensor’s effectiveness in accurately detecting and monitoring liquid and gas flow in pipelines

Corruption during and after COVID-19: Analysis of the factors impeding anti-corruption initiatives in South Africa

The study aims to investigate the extent of corruption in South Africa. The article explores the corruption and financial misconduct recorded during COVID-19. The study is qualitative, and information is compiled using desktop analysis. Various journal articles, books, and official documents are considered to gather publicly available data. This methodology forms part of the literature review. The information gathered was assessed through conceptual and document analysis. The findings indicate that although anti-corruption Acts and strategies are available, implementation gaps exist to combat corruption successfully. The article highlights the significant role the government can play in reducing corruption as a suggestion for policymakers to consider. Corruption arises for a variety of reasons. Personal greed, the desire for an opulent lifestyle, the ego satisfaction that comes with having power and authority, insufficient institutional measures, and inadequate monitoring and evaluation measures are just a few examples. Whatever the cause, corruption cannot be tolerated. It goes against the organisation's moral standards, code of conduct, integrity, and honesty

Photocatalytic and antibacterial properties of carbonaceous materials coupled NiO nanocomposites

The photocatalytic and antibacterial characteristics of pure NiO (NO), GO, and rGO integrated NiO (GNO and rNO) nanoparticles have been compared in this work. Through the process of chemical precipitation, NO and GNO NPs were created. Through the use of Centella asiatica leaf extract to reduce graphene oxide to rGO, rNO NC was produced utilizing one-pot green synthesis technique. The cubic crystal structure of all the samples shows a clear preferential growth along the (2 0 0) direction. Graphene oxide and reduced graphene oxide blending have a detrimental effect on the crystalline quality of NO. Reduced band gaps for the GNO and rNO samples were observed resulting from charge delocalization from electronic interaction between NiOand GO/rGO. The degradation efficiencies of NO, GNO and rNO catalysts were 78, 83 and and 92 %,respectively against rhodamine B after 100 min of light irradiation. The antibacterial properties of NO, GNO, and rNO NPs are differentiated by their size and ability to generate reactive oxygen species. Due to decreased crystallite size more ROS are generated for rNO and hence enhanced antibacterial potency has been realized

Study of chaos in Rayleigh-Benard convection of water-alumina nanofluid with heat source sink

Study of chaos in Rayleigh-Benard convection of a water-alumina nanofluid with internal heat source/sink is considered in the paper.A generalized Buongiorno two-phase model is used for the formulation of the problem under the assumption of Boussinesque approximation and small-scale convective motion. By considering a minimal-mode Fourier representation, we arrive at the penta-model generalized Lorenz model. The largest lyapunov exponent and the Kaplan-Yorke dimension are used to capture commencement of chaos, windows of chaotic motion and periodic orbits. Inhibition/suppression of chaos due to the presence of nanoparticles and heat source/sink are discussed. Study on linear stability analysis is made for completeness

Intersections of Philosophy and Social Science: Exploring their Inextricable Relationship

This paper seeks to reassess the significance of philosophical inquiry, which, despite its historical importance, often remains marginalised in contemporary discussions. The relationship between philosophy and social science is symbiotic and mutually enriching. Philosophy provides the theoretical foundations, critical perspectives, and conceptual tools that inform social scientific inquiry, while social science research offers empirical data and real-world contexts that challenge and refine philosophical theories. This dynamic interaction contributes to a deeper understanding of human society and enriches both fields of study.To begin, let us delve into the etymological origins of the word "Philosophy". Etymologically, "philosophy" is derived from the Greek words 'Philein', meaning "to love", and 'Sophia', meaning "knowledge" or "wisdom". The Greeks believed that anyone seeking knowledge in any area could be considered a philosopher, as philosophy once encompassed nearly all forms of knowledge.[i] Despite the inherent value invested in philosophy, it has not received adequate recognition to justify its importance in contemporary discourse. It often faces the burden of constant justification, particularly within academic contexts, including social science studies. This raises questions about the role and subject matter of philosophy.Philosophy, as a subject, engages in critical inquiry into fundamental questions about existence, knowledge, ethics, and society. Its methodology requires ongoing justification within academic discourse, especially within the realm of social science studies. This paper aims to address some of these morally problematic questions and argue for the immense significance of philosophical inquiry in enhancing social science research. The objective of this paper is to highlight key insights that a philosophical examination of the social sciences can offer. By doing so, it aims to underscore the pivotal role of philosophical inquiry in advancing our understanding of human society and advocating for its integration into social science studies. A philosophical approach can critically assess the assumptions, methodologies, and ethical implications inherent in social science research, leading to more robust and reflective scholarship. For instance, philosophical analysis can challenge biases in sociological theories, offer deeper insights into ethical issues in psychological research, and question the epistemological foundations of anthropological studies. By incorporating philosophical inquiry, social scientists can attain a more nuanced and comprehensive understanding of human behavior and social structures, ultimately fostering a more ethical and reflective practice. This paper, therefore, argues for a closer integration of philosophical perspectives into social science disciplines to enhance their theoretical and practical contributions to understanding and improving human society

Consumer Behaviour and Nutrition Trends in Dining at Restaurants, Cafes, and Kiosks: A Systematic Review

Background: The informality of eating out has been steadily increasing, and with consumers spending significantly, there’s a heightened demand for value. Beyond just the food, consumers now seek additional features, including efficient service, appealing decor, a pleasant ambiance, and high-quality, varied food options. Consequently, many food outlets are actively observing current dining trends to better serve their clientele.  Objectives: The broad objective of this review article is to highlight the factors that influence consumer behaviour while dining at a food outlet. Specifically, this study aims to explore consumer behavior, prevailing nutrition trends, and the factors affecting consumer choices when selecting an eating establishment. Methodology: A comprehensive search using different databases was conducted for relevant literature on the topic. A final pool of 40 studies of the food establishment business was analyzed and discussed. Results: The reviewed studies indicate that due to increasingly busy lifestyles and a rise in per capita income, dining out has become a more casual and frequent occurrence. Consumers select food outlets based on various factors, including their lifestyle, income, age, location, and occupation. Therefore, an eating establishment can be effectively designed and planned by considering the lifestyle and income demographics of the population within a specific area

Nigeria’s Criminal Justice System: Legal Gaps, Human Rights Concerns, and Comparative Lessons for Reform

Nigeria’s criminal justice system lacks adequate mental health provisions, leading to human rights violations and worsening psychiatric conditions among offenders. This study examines Nigeria’s compliance with international standards, particularly the Mandela Rules, using a descriptive research design. Based on the 2018 prison Audit Report, it examines mental health services, jail regulations, and legal protections. Structured oversight with respect to South Africa, the United States, and Canada has been highlighted through a comparative analysis. South Africa guarantees judicial oversight, whereas Canada’s NCRMD structure ensures rehabilitation. States in the US differ in how they balance treatment and incarceration. Nigeria, in contrast to South Africa and Canada, lacks formal evaluations and reintegration programs and instead depends on administrative discretion. This paper argues for a human rights-based strategy, including legislative safeguards, frequent psychiatric examinations, and rehabilitation programs. The protection of mentally ill offenders, public safety, and justice can all be enhanced by putting these ideas into practice. Nigeria's mental health legislation will advance if it conforms to international best practices

Living Intelligence: A Traditional Weltanschauung to Promote Appreciation of a Meaningful Universe

A materialistic and objective view of the world has predominated in science for centuries; and a strict scientific view renders the cosmos as random and personally meaningless. However, traditional medicine views nature and the cosmos as intimately related to our personal experience and growth. While the traditional view has been termed "animistic" and considered primitive by modern science, this paper will propose that the traditional view may be  amore useful and productive view of reality. Looking at examples from Native American and personal experience, this paper proposes that a traditional perspective helps foster a view of the universe that promotes psychological wellness and better fits emergent science and psychology