A novel Paclitaxel loaded Noisome: Preparation, Characterization and Cytotoxicity Assessment against human prostate cancer

Prostate cancer (PCa) is one of the most common cancers and the second leading cause of cancer death in men.  Regarding that prostate cancer is the most common form of cancer in men and is the second leading cause of cancer mortality, paclitaxel, as a chemotherapeutic agent with a wide spectrum of antitumor activity, could be utilized in treatment of this malignancy. Paclitaxel side effects are severe hypersensitivity reactions, neurotoxicity, and nephrotoxicity. Today’s decline of side effects and increase in efficacy of chemotherapeutic agents by applying nanotechnology in medicine is the target of scientists. Niosomes or nonionic surfactant vesicles are nano vehicles utilized in drug delivery systems. Niosomes are prepared by various methods. Our present work investigated the efficiency of encapsulation of paclitaxel in noisome (Nio-PTX) as a novel vesicular drug delivery system and cytotoxic effects on PC-3 prostate cancer cell line. In this study, paclitaxel loaded niosome was prepared by thin film hydration method. The characterization tests that included dynamic light scattering (DLS) and UV-Vis spectrophotometry were employed to evaluate the quality of the nanocarriers. Percent of encapsulation paclitaxel prepared with sorbitane monostearate and cholesterol was 99.4%. In addition, the polydispersity index, mean size diameter and zeta potentials of niosomal paclitaxel nanoparticles were found to be 0.203 ± 0.012, 119.7 ± 2.5 nm and -4 ± 0.34, respectively. Cytotoxicity of niosomal paclitaxel nanoparticles and free paclitaxel on human prostate cancer cell line PC-3 after 24 hours were studied by MTT assay to determine cell viability. The results demonstrated that a 1.5∼fold reduction in paclitaxel concentration was measured when the paclitaxel administered in nanoniosome compared to free paclitaxel solution in PC3 human prostate cancer cell line. As a result, the nanoparticle-based formulation of paclitaxel has high potential as an adjuvant therapy for clinical usage in human prostate cancer therapy

Hyperthermia: A Neoadjuvant Therapeutic Approach in Cancer Treatment

Hyperthermia refers to elevation tumor temperature from 39 up to 43 degree Celsius. Actually Therapeutic Hyperthermia has been used as an adjuvant treatment for cancer, since end of the 19th century after observations William Coley who found that tumor is diminished after induction of fever by bacterial toxins. Hyperthermia therapy refers to treatment tumors through heating which has been used since the time of the ancient Egyptians. The term ‘Hyperthermia’ in oncology means treatment of malignant disease by heating in different ways. Hyperthermia is usually applied as an adjuvant therapy method in combination with other modalities such as Radiotherapy or Chemotherapy in cancer treatment. Typically there are three categories for Hyperthermia, including local, regional and whole body. Based on the temperature Whole body hyperthermia classify in 3 type, mild, fever range and extreme. In Mild hyperthermia, the temperature is from 37.5 up to 38.5 degree Celsius, in fever range hyperthermia, 38.5 up to 40 degree Celsius, and extreme hyperthermia, the temperature above 40 degree Celsius. Now Days Whole body hyperthermia known as immunotherapy related to cancer treatment in oncology. Here we will review whole body hyperthermia related to cancer treatment. 

Evaluation of the efficacy of Niosomal Curcumin Nanoformulation in Cancer therapy

During the past decade vesicles as a tool to improve drug delivery, has created a lot of interest amongst the scientist working in the area of drug delivery systems. Based on their biodegradable, biocompatible and nonimmunogenic structure, niosomes are promising drug carriers that are formed by self-assembly of nonionic surfactants and cholesterol in an aqueous phase. Curcumin (Cur),  a natural polyphenol found in Curcuma longa, has been utilized in multiple medicinal areas from antibiotic to antitumor treatment. However, the chemical structure of curcumin results in poor stability, low solubility and rapid degradation in vivo, limiting its clinical utilization. To address these problems, we have prepared a niosome system composed of nonionic surfactants polyoxyethylene sorbitan monostearate and cholesterol by thin film hydration method. The niosomal curcumin was evaluated for anti-cancer efficacy in prostate cancer cell line (PC-3) by MTT assay. Cur was encapsulated in the niosomes with a high entrapment efficiency of 98.4 ± 0.4%. Average particle size was found to be 127.5 ± 1.2 nm. Niosomal curcumin (Nio -Cur)  exhibited enhanced cytotoxic activity against PC-3 cells compared with free Cur. These results demonstrated that the Nio -Cur system is a promising strategy for the delivery of Cur and prostate cancer therapy.

Classification of proteins expression in some popular cancers for protein biomarkers identification

Recognition of the source and stage of cancer has always been one of the Issues of interest to scientists. On the other hand, cancer is the second leading cause of death worldwide after cardiovascular disease. According to the Global Burden of Disease Cancer Report In 2015, there were 17.5 million cancer cases worldwide and over 8.7 million cancer deaths. Based on the same report, breast cancer, TBL (tracheal, bronchus, and lung) cancer and colorectal cancer were the most common incidents. From another perspective, one of the requirements for the treatment of different cancers is early diagnosis in the early stages. With the end of the human genome project, molecular medicine moved to a step beyond the genome called "proteomics". Proteomic ideas play an important role in discovering cancer biomarkers for early diagnosis of disease, prediction and prognosis, identifying new drug goals, monitoring the effectiveness of treatment and personal therapy. Nowadays with new developments in mass spectrometry and bioinformatics, new biomarkers can be identified for different cancers. To analyze a cancer, identifying only one biomarker does not provide enough information for that cancer, but paying attention to changes in the level of expression of various proteins is valuable. In this paper, effective proteins for breast, lung and colorectal cancers, have been identified and classified. Biomarkers sparse in different articles are combined using Text Mining and reviewing articles that introduced a cancer biomarker. In fact, by examining changes in the expression of proteins in the cancerous tissue and considering their significant changes, they are referred to as cancer marker candidates for early diagnosis or even prediction of future illness. This research offers text mining algorithms to collect cancer biomarker's

Immunotherapy: New rise in cancer treatment

Cancer immunotherapy is currently the hottest topic in the oncology field, under certain circumstances & depending on the initiating stimulus, cancer cell death can be immunogenic or nonimmunogenic. Immunogenic cell death (ICD) involves changes in the composition of the cell surface. Moreover the release of soluble mediators, occurring in a defined temporal sequence. At the molecular level, the immunogenic characteristics of ICD are mainly mediated by damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), which various intracellular molecules like calreticulin (CRT), heat-shock proteins (HSPs), secreted ATP and high mobility group protein B1(HMGB1), have been shown to be DAMPs exposed/secreted in a stress agent/factor-and cell death-specific manner. These discoveries have motivated further research into discovery of new DAMPs, new pathways for their exposure/secretion, search for new agents capable of inducing immunogenic cell death and urge to solve currently present problems with this paradigm. We anticipate that this emerging amalgamation of DAMPs, immunogenic cell death and anticancer therapeutics may be the key towards squelching cancer-related mortalities, in near future. One promising strategy to induce priming of tumor-specific T cells is dendritic cell (DC)-based immunotherapy.  Therefore, they are the most frequently used cellular adjuvant in clinical trials. Since the publication of the first DC vaccination trial in melanoma patients in 1995, the promise of DC immunotherapy is underlined by numerous clinical trials, frequently showing survival benefit in comparison to non-DC control groups. We review some of the latest developments in the DC vaccination field, with a special emphasis on strategies that are applied to obtain a highly immunogenic tumor cell cargo to load and to activate the DCs. To this end, we discuss the effects of immunogenic treatment modalities and potent inducers of immunogenic cell death on DC biology and their application in DC-based immunotherapy in preclinical as well as clinical settings. We therefore anticipate that the comprehension of the mechanisms governing the immunogenicity of cell death will have a profound impact on the design of anticancer therapies and the failure of the majority of therapeutic cancer vaccines tested to date is a reflection of the fact that the design of most of these vaccines preceded a mature understanding of the interaction between developing tumors and the immune system

IsomiRs: A New Approach to Cancer Study

microRNAs are regulatory non-coding RNA molecules that containing about 18-24 nucleotides which involved in critical steps of many cellular processes, specifically gene expression, therefore, their deregulation can lead to human tumorigenesis. some kinds of variants of microRNAs are isomiRs that their length or sequence varies from miRNAs and they commonly araised from diverse cleavage by the ribonucleases Drosha and Dicer. Recent reports confirm that some of isomiRs may be yielded from a miRNA locus, and these physiological mature isomers have important roles in miRNA evolution. In this research, we reviewed new field of miRNAs structural /sequence diversity that can be involved in cancer biology. Also describe the evolutionary approaches and the functional significance of the miRNAs isoforms; however, there are lots of isomiR/miRNA molecular mechanisms that remain unclear. More studies to reveal more insights of functionality isomiRs into the carcinogenesis will provide informative strategies to be used in prognosis, diagnosis or treatment

Therapeutic Effect of Antioxidants on Prevention and Treatment of Cancer

Antioxidant is a molecule that has the ability to slow down or prevent oxidation of the other molecules. Oxidation is a chemical reaction that transmits electrons from a substance to an oxidizing materials. These reactions produce free radicals that initiate a series of damaging reactions to cells. In fact, antioxidants end up this chain of reactions by taking away the intermediate free radicals. On the other hand, they control other oxidative reactions by oxidizing themselves.Antioxidants include several groups such as vitamin C, vitamin E, carotenoids, ubiquinone, bio-flavone, lipoic acid, cartonene. Among these groups vitamin C, vitamin E and beta-carotene are known as the main antioxidants. Selenium, the mineral, plays an important role as an antioxidant. Vitamin C reduces nitrosamine which is carcinogen. Studies have shown that taking lycopene through continuous consumption of tomato prevents prostate cancer in men. This combination places in carotenoids group and it is found abundantly in tomato.Generally, antioxidants eliminate carcinogenic substances which generate in the body and it also reduces the proliferation of cancer cells

Correlation of Heterozygote risk, Pathological risk and lifetime risk with Clinicopathologic Features in Iranian breast cancer patients

Breast cancer is a prevalent malignancy among women worldwide and a principle reason of death in Iranian women. In current study, 64 Iranian women diagnosed with breast cancer and classified into four age groups (65 years) were analyzed for correlation between heterozygote risk and lifetime risk with clinicopathological features. Nine patients were also investigated for BRCA1 germline mutations. Our results indicated that people with hetrozygosity risk over 30% more likely to infect invasive ductal carcinoma and utilization of Cyrillic software for Iranian family would open new sights towards the prediction, prognosis and mutation detection

Anti- Cancer Activity of Thymoquinone in Gasterointestinal Tract: A Comprehensive Review

Gastrointestinal (GI) cancers are known as malignant condition of the GI system associated with the organs which have role in digestion. More cancers and more deaths from cancer are related to the cancers occurred in this system. Nigella sativa(N. sativa) seeds which are traditionally used as a food additive, preservative or a spice in many cultures, has been considered for treatment of various diseases. Thymoquinone (TQ) is the main bioactive component of the volatile oil of N. sativa seeds. Therapeutic effects of TQ for treatment of various diseases such as cancers, in both in vivo and in vitro conditions, have recently been interested.  In this comprehensive review, we summarized the new studies related to anti- cancer activity of TQ associated with its possible mechanisms  in GI  cancers including oral cancer, esoghageal cancer, gastric cancer, colorectal cancer and also liver and pancreatic cancers.  It is concluded that TQ could be considered as an anticancer agent alone or in combination with chemotherapeutic drugs in treatment of GI tract cancers, however well designed clinical trials in humans are required to confirm these effects

Androgen Receptor (AR) Based Diagnosis of Prostate Cancer Metastasis: A Biological Perspective

Androgen receptor (AR) is a nuclear transcription factor and a member of the steroid hormone receptor superfamily of genes, which is abundantly expressed in neuroendocrine and musculoskeletal tissues and the male genitourinary system. Neoplastic cells have to perpetuate the androgen receptor (AR)-mediated dynamics by a wide range of integrated pathways that crosstalk at various levels and it ensures the robust expression and activation of AR-mediated genes. There are multidirectional pathways opted for by the AR to meet the demands of a desperate cancer-prone environment. Interference with these histone demethylases with siRNA or pharmacological inhibitors leads to distinct changes in histone marks at AR target promoters. Several inhibitors such as CaMKII inhibitor have been found to have a broader effect on apoptosis than just their inhibition which also resulted in the inhibition of AR activity and induces p53-independent apoptosis, inhibits anti-apoptotic protein Mcl-1, upregulates pro-apoptotic protein PUMA and generates ROS.