Receptor Tyrosine Kinase (RTKs) Mediated Potent Bioactive Ligand Targeted to Autoimmune Arthritis

This review aims to explore the Pharmacological potential of some important bioactive targets linked to Receptor Tyrosine Kinase (RTK) receptors in autoimmune arthritic disorders. RTKs play a role in inflammation, immune cell activation, angiogenesis, cartilage degradation, and autoantibody formation. Focusing on these pathways will pave the way for establishing a new treatment option for diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis. In conditions like autoimmune arthritis, inflammation results from immune cells such as T cells, B cells, and macrophages becoming activated and infiltrating the joints. The signaling of several immune receptors, including the TNF and IL-1 receptors, which are considered as important mediators of inflammation, is mediated by RTKs. Herbal bioactives are considered safer than other systems of medicine and possess outstanding therapeutic potential. In this review, we have considered some crucial bioactives that interact with RTKs to modulate their signaling pathways to be helpful for the treatment of various autoimmune disorders like rheumatoid arthritis, etc. Keywords: Receptor Tyrosine Kinase, herbal bioactive, therapeutic potential, autoimmune disorder, rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatio

Nobiletin as a Neuroprotective Agent: Therapeutic Potential and Formulation Strategies for Alzheimer’s and Related Disorders

Objectives: The purpose of this review is to investigate the neuroprotective properties of the dietary polymethoxy flavone nobiletin (NOB), specifically in connection to Alzheimer\u27s disease and other neurological conditions. To enhance the compound\u27s medicinal effectiveness, it also examines its chemical properties, modes of action, and the latest developments in formulation techniques. Data Sources: From 2000 to 2024, pertinent scientific literature on pharmacological investigations, formulation developments, and preclinical assessments of nobiletin was compiled from databases including PubMed, ScienceDirect, Google Scholar, and Web of Science. Study selection: Research was chosen based on its experimental significance for the pharmacodynamics, bioavailability, neuroprotective effectiveness, and formulation technologies of nobiletin. Pharmacokinetic studies, patents, and in vitro and in vivo research were all included. Summary of Contents: Citrus peels are the primary source of nobiletin, which has potent anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-cancer, and neuroprotective qualities. Problems including low bioavailability and poor water solubility have prompted the creation of sophisticated formulations such as solid dispersions, micelles, and nanoemulsions. Its pharmacokinetic profile and therapeutic potential have been enhanced by these developments.Conclusion: In conclusion, nobiletin has excellent potential as a neuroprotective agent, particularly for diseases such as Alzheimer\u27s. Although its unique structure promotes metabolic stability and membrane permeability, problems with solubility and bioavailability are now limiting practical translation. Its future therapeutic usage depends on addressing these constraints with innovative formulation techniques. Keywords: Citrus flavonoids, Alzheimer\u27s disease, neuroprotection, nobiletin, bioavailability, and formulation techniques

Multimodal Evaluation of the Anxiolytic Activity of Phyllanthus niruri Extract in Mice: A Comparative Behavioral and Neuropharmacological Approach

Anxiety is a widespread mental health issue that impacts millions of individuals globally, often interfering with daily functioning and overall well-being. While conventional anti-anxiety medications like benzodiazepines are widely used, their prolonged use is often limited due to side effects such as sedation, dependence, and drug tolerance. As a result, there is increasing interest in exploring herbal remedies with better safety profiles. Phyllanthus niruri Linn., a medicinal herb widely recognized in Ayurvedic medicine for treating liver and urinary problems, is known to contain neuroactive constituents such as flavonoids, tannins, phenolics, and alkaloids. This study aimed to assess the anti-anxiety potential of the hydroalcoholic extract of Phyllanthus niruri in Swiss albino mice using multiple validated behavioral models. The plant was collected and authenticated, then extracted using a 70:30 ethanol-water mixture and screened for key phytochemical constituents. Mice were randomly assigned into four groups: a control group, a standard group receiving diazepam (2 mg/kg), and two test groups treated orally with the extract at 100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg. Behavioral tests including the Elevated Plus Maze (EPM), Open Field Test (OFT), Actophotometer, and Rotarod were conducted to evaluate anxiety levels, movement activity, and motor coordination. The extract demonstrated a dose-related reduction in anxiety-like behaviors, with effects comparable to the standard drug, and did not cause significant motor impairment. Phytochemical screening confirmed the presence of active compounds likely responsible for the observed anxiolytic action. These findings support the traditional claims of Phyllanthus niruri in stress relief and highlight its potential as a safe, natural alternative for managing anxiety disorders. Keywords: Phyllanthus niruri, anxiolytic activity, hydroalcoholic extract, behavioral model

Global national and rational burdens of female fertility via exposure to different alcohols

Alcohol intake is a key lifestyle component and a major public health concern that affects reproductive health around the world. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), alcohol causes infertility by altering hormonal balance, ovulation, and implantation. The prevalence of alcohol-related infertility varies by region, with higher rates found in nations with significant alcohol consumption, such as Europe and the Americas. Previous research has revealed that both chronic and acute alcohol consumption can disrupt reproductive hormones, decrease ovulatory function, and deplete ovarian reserve, resulting in diminished fertility potential. Alcohol causes infertility through changes in the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis, oxidative stress, and DNA damage in oocytes. Furthermore, heavy alcohol use has been related to an increased risk of monthly abnormalities, miscarriage, and ART failure. Moderate alcohol consumption is still debatable. Evidence suggests that even low to moderate consumption may have a deleterious impact on reproductive outcomes. Addressing challenges of female infertility caused by alcohol consumption necessitates targeted legislation, public health initiatives, and enhanced knowledge in order to lessen the impact on reproductive health and overall societal well-being. We believe that more study is needed to establish better dose-response correlations and to investigate the potential reversibility of alcohol-induced reproductive abnormalities Keywords: Alcohol, female infertility, global burden, oxidative stress miscarriage, menstrual irregularitie

Prescription Pattern of Antimalarial Drugs in Two Secondary Health Facilities in Rivers State, Nigeria

Background: Malaria is a major public health problem and is still accounting for increased morbidity and mortality till date when not properly treated. It is caused by species of the parasite, Plasmodium of which P.falciparum is mostly implicated. The disease burden is still very high in Nigeria where it accounts for more cases and deaths than any other country in the world. Prescription practices have been shown to influence the emergence of resistance to antimalarial drugs2 Objective: To assess the prescription pattern of antimalarials in adults at two secondary health facilities in Rivers State, Nigeria Method: Prescription pattern of antimalarial drugs was carried out at General Hospitals Terabor and Ahoada with collection of data from medical records of 299 and 339 case notes respectively of malaria patients which were sorted out from the records for a period from January 2016 - September 2019. Essential data collected were age, type of anti-malarial prescribed, other drugs on prescription, total number of drugs per prescription and injectables prescribed. Descriptive statistics from Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS version 22) was used for the analysis. Results: The result showed that Artemisinin-based Combination Therapies (ACTs) was the most frequently prescribed antimalarial with Arthemeter/Lumefantrine having a prescription frequency of 181 (60.5%) and 248 (73.1%) respectively for Terabor and Ahoada General Hospitals followed by Dihydroartemisinin/Piperaquine 70(23.4%) and 58(17.1%) then Artesunate – Amodiaquine 17 (5.7%) and 12 (3.5%) respectively. The non-ACTs prescribed were Injection Artemether [ 8(2.7%) and 2(0.6%)]; Injection Arteether [7(2.30) and 15 (4.4%)]; Inject ion Artesunate [11(3.7%) and 3(0.9%)]; Quinine [3(1.0%) and 1(0.3%)] all for Terabor and Ahoada General Hospitals respectively.  Also, Sulphadoxine/Pyrimethamine 2 (0.7%) for Terabor and none for Ahoada. Conclusion: Artemisinin-based combination therapies were most frequently prescribed as antimalarial drug in the two Health facilities. This indicates adherence to WHO 2015 Guideline on the prescription of anti-malarial medications for uncomplicated malaria. However, adherence to National Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of Malaria was not total. Percentage of drug prescribed using unbranded generic names was much lower as prescriptions were majorly either in innovator brand name or branded generic names.

Application of Acetylated Corn Starch as a Sustained Release Formulation in Metronidazole Tablets

Objective(s): This study aimed to assess the impact of acetylation on the disintegrant properties of corn starch and evaluate its effectiveness as a sustained release formulation in metronidazole tablets. Design: Experimental study involving acetylation of corn starch using acetic anhydride. Intervention(s): Formulation of granules with varying concentrations of acetylated corn starch as disintegrant, followed by tablet production. Main Outcome Measure(s): Disintegration time, sustained release of metronidazole, tablet properties (friability, hardness, content uniformity), and release kinetics. Results: Acetylated corn starch increased disintegration time, resulting in sustained release of metronidazole over several hours. Tablets met standard requirements for friability (<1% weight loss), hardness (>5 kg/cm²), and content uniformity (>90% active ingredient). The release profile showed a controlled release pattern, indicating the potential of acetylated corn starch as a sustained release polymer. Conclusion: Acetylation successfully modified corn starch, making it an effective polymer for sustained release metronidazole tablets. This study demonstrates the potential of acetylated corn starch in formulation development for sustained release applications. Keywords: Disintegration, Acetylation, Sustained Release

Exploring the Role of Paeonia emodi (Ood-e-Saleeb) in Neurological Health: Traditional Uses and Modern Pharmacological Insights: A Review

Ood-e-Saleeb, derived from Paeonia emodi Wall. (Ranunculaceae), is a medicinal herb extensively used in Unani medicine, particularly for neurological disorders. Found in the western temperate Himalayas, its roots, seeds, and flowers exhibit significant therapeutic properties. Traditionally, it has been utilized as a nervine tonic, nerve stimulant, and antispasmodic agent in conditions like paralysis (Fālij), facial palsy (Laqwa), tremors (Ri‘sha), epilepsy (Ṣar‘), and hysteria (Ikhtināq al-Raḥim). Recent pharmacological studies highlight its neuroprotective potential, particularly in diabetic peripheral neuropathy, where it modulates oxidative stress, inflammation, and neuronal apoptosis. Bioactive compounds such as paeoniflorin, flavonoids, and tannins contribute to its effects by enhancing neurogenesis, regulating neurotransmitter activity, and protecting against neuronal degeneration. Its ability to improve nerve function in diabetic neuropathy is linked to mechanisms involving advanced glycation end products (AGEs) and NF-κB pathway modulation. This review consolidates its traditional and modern pharmacological relevance, emphasizing its role in neurological disorders, including diabetic peripheral neuropathy, and its potential for further research and therapeutic applications. Keywords: Ood-e-Saleeb, Neurological Disorders, Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy, Paeonia emodi, Neuroprotectio

Assessment and Comparison on Use of Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs for the Management of Dysmenorrhea by Medical and Non-Medical Students

Background: Primary dysmenorrhea is one of the most common gynecological problems among adolescent females. It is defined as painful menses in women with normal pelvic anatomy, usually beginning during adolescence. This study aims to assess the prevalence, management practices, and associated side effects of dysmenorrhea among these students, focusing particularly on the use of NSAIDs and self-medication. Method: A cross-sectional study was conducted from July 8, 2024, to August 4, 2024, at PUSHS, GPCAR, and PUCEF in Koshi Province, Sundarharaicha. The study included 186 undergraduate female students from medical and non-medical faculties at Purbanchal University who experienced dysmenorrhea. A self-administered, semi-structured questionnaire was used to gather data on demographic characteristics, menstrual history, and NSAID usage. Convenient sampling technique was used, and data analysis was performed using IBM SPSS version 27. Result:  A total of 186 students (126 medical and 60 non-medical) were included in the study. 88.6% of students experienced dysmenorrhea, with similar prevalence rates in medical (88.1%) and non-medical students (89.6%). Among those affected, 60.8% used over-the-counter pain relievers, with a higher proportion of non-medical students (66.7%) relying on self-medication compared to medical students (57.9%). Mefenamic acid was the most preferred NSAID, used by 90.3% of NSAID users, but non-medical students showed a higher preference (95.0%) compared to medical students (87.7%). Although NSAIDs were generally reported as effective by 61.9% of users, medical students reported slightly higher effectiveness (64.4%) than non-medical students (57.5%). Side effects were reported by 75.22 % of NSAID users: Non-medical students experienced slightly fewer side effects (72.5%) compared to medical students (76.71%). Conclusion: Dysmenorrhea is highly prevalent among both medical and non-medical students, with NSAIDs being a common management method. Despite the efficacy of NSAIDs, significant side effects were reported, particularly among non-medical students. This underscores the need for better educational programs on safe NSAID use and alternative pain management strategies. Keywords: Dysmenorrhea, NSAIDs, Menstrual Cycle, Self-medication, Side Effects, Medical Students, Non-medical Student

A Review on Types and Treatment Strategies of Severe Combined Immunodeficiency

Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (SCID) is a rare and life-threatening congenital disorder affecting the immune system\u27s functionality due to mutations in crucial genes involved in immune cell development. This review provides a comprehensive overview of SCID, covering its genetic basis, immune system components, clinical manifestations, diagnostic methods, and treatment strategies. The review emphasizes the importance of early detection through newborn screening, enabling prompt treatment and enhancing survival rates for individuals with SCID. SCID can be classified as Typical, Atypical which also includes Omenn Syndrome, atypical/leaky, variant. Gene mutations with various severe infections, diarrhea, lack of T cells, reduction in naive T cells, increase in T cells and absence of proliferative responses to mitogens, or T cells with a maternal ancestry are all characteristics of typical SCID. About a dozen genes, which together make up the rare genetic condition SCID, are chiefly responsible for its X-linked or autosomal recessive inheritance. Due to infrequent incidences, early detection and treatment may go unnoticed. CD3+ > 300 cells/L and a diminished, but discernible, proliferative response to PHA (>10-30% of the control) are characteristics of atypical SCID. Other names for it include "leaky SCID”. When there is no known gene issue and there are still 300–1500 T cells per liter with reduced function, variant SCID is diagnosed. The treatment options available to treat SCID are bone marrow transplantation also known as hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT), gene therapy, enzyme replacement therapy, gamma globulins etc. The most widely used treatment with a high success rate is bone marrow transplantation (BMT), which can enable the body to once again create those vital infection-fighting cells. Blood cell production occurs in the bone marrow. Most SCID children pass away before they are two without a BMT. Keywords: Bubble boy disease, gene therapy, hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT), bone marrow transplantation (BMT), Enzyme replacement therapy (ERT).

Formulation and Evaluation of Polyherbal Face Scrub Gel for Skin Exfoliation

Nowadays, many herbs are finding their way into the preparation of herbal cosmetics, as these are the safest to use with no side effects and influence the biological function of skin. The present study involved the preparation and evaluation of polyherbal face scrub gel. The scrub exfoliate and rejuvenate the skin. The grittiness of the scrub removes the dead skin cells and unblock the skin pores and reduce the sebum deposition on the skin making skin more complexion and radiant. The natural ingredients like orange peel, marigold flowers, and liquorice were used in preparation, which possesses anti-microbial, anti-oxidant, and anti-aging properties. The alcoholic extract of herbs was prepared using maceration and added to the gel prepared with Carbopol. Other ingredients such as sodium benzoate, propylene glycol, triethanolamine, and sodium lauryl sulfate were added to the gel. The prepared scrub was evaluated for its appearance, pH, viscosity, spreadability, washability, irritability, grittiness, stability, and patch test. Among the three formulated scrub gels, the FSG3 gave effective results, and it can be used as an effective scrub for all types of skin. Keywords: Exfoliation, Liquorice, orange peel, marigold flowers, polyherbal scrub