LEGAL ASPECTS OF SELF-DETERMINATION AS REGULATED IN INTERNATIONAL DOCUMENTS

This article examines the historical and political evolution of the right to self-determination, which began as a political slogan used by great powers to annex territories to support their spheres of influence, which gradually developed into a political principle, to finally lay the bases of right providing for the equal participation of all peoples and individuals in political processes. Self-determination first takes shape and finds its place only after World War II, when it will be incorporated for the first time as an international political and moral principle among key objectives of the United Nations aimed at preventing such conflicts and promoting world peace. The article further analyses the legal frameworks surrounding self-determination, particularly within key UN documents like the Covenants on Human Rights and related declarations, Council of Europe and OSCE documents and good practices, emphasizing its role in safeguarding individual freedoms, civil and political rights, and minority rights, as essential elements for achieving peace and stability in diverse societies

THE MACEDONIAN QUESTION IN THE FOCUS OF THE RUSSIAN EXPEDITION - "MACEDONIA 1900"

The aforementioned work provides a review of the Macedonian question in relation to the Russian "Macedonian Expedition", led by the academician N.P. Kondakov, its journey through Macedonia in the run-up to the Ilinden Uprising, the divisions and insights that emerged from it, which had a profound impact on the events in the Balkans in the period during and after the collapse of the Ottoman Empire. The subject of analysis is the correspondence and insights of the members of this scientific expedition, including the linguist and Slavist P. A. Lavrov and the historian P.N. Miljukov, related to the geopolitical situation on the Balkan Peninsula and the position of the Macedonian population in that period. This expedition is also significant because of the meeting of Krste P. Misirkov with P.A. Lavrov, who would later become his mentor and supporter in his research on Macedonian dialects, language, identity and culture. In addition to the paper, there is a selection of photo materials from this expedition, part of the archival collection of the Institute of Folklore "Marko Cepenkov" - Skopje, which speak of the exceptional significance that this scientific expedition has in historiographical, Byzantine, Slavic, Macedonian, archaeological and linguistic research, as well as for the historical continuity of the "Ohrid Archbishopric" and its sacral relics.Посочениот труд дава осврт на македонското прашање во однос на руската „Македонска експедиција“, предводена од академик Н. П. Кондаков, нејзиното патешествие низ Македонија во предворјето на Илинденското востание, поделбите и согледувањата што произлегле од неа, а кои имале длабок импакт во случувањата на Балканот во периодот за време и по распадот на Отоманската Империја. Предмет на анализа се преписките и согледувањата на членовите на оваа научна експедиција, меѓу кои се лингвистот и славистот П. А. Лавров и историчарот П.Н. Миљуков, поврзани со геополитичката состојба на Балканскиот Полуостров и положбата на македонското население во тој период. Оваа експедиција истовремено е значајна и поради средбата на Крсте П. Мисирков со П. А. Лавров, кој подоцна ќе стане негов ментор и подржувач во неговите истражувања за макдонските говори, јазик, идентитет и култура. Во прилог на трудот се дава избор на фотоматеријали од оваа експедиција, дел од архивската збирка на Институтот за фолклор „Марко Цепенков“ – Скопје, во кои се зборува за исклучителното значење што ја има оваа научна експедиција во: историографските, византолошките, славистичките, македонистичките, археолошките и лигвистичките истражувања, како и за историскиот контиуум на Охридската архепископија и на нејзините сакрални реликти

Библиографија на проф. д-р Ружица Јанчулева

Prof. Ruzhica Janchuleva bibliographyБиблиографија на проф. д-р Ружица Јанчулев

ИЗГУБЕНИ НА БАЛКАНОТ: ЛОКАТИВНОТО ДИФЕРЕНЦИЈАЛНО МАРКИРАЊЕ ВО АРОМАНСКИТЕ ДИЈАЛЕКТИ

The phenomenon of Differential Place Marking (Haspelmath 2019), also called zero-marking of spatial relations (Stolz et al 2014), has often been mentioned in the languages of the Balkans. Examples of such differential marking have been documented in the Aromanian varieties (Kramer 1981; Caragiu-Marioțeanu 1975), Modern Greek (Holton et al 1997), Macedonian (Koneski 1965), Ancient Greek (Luraghi 2017), and Latin (Haspelmath 2019; Kramer 1981). However, while the presence of Differential Place Marking has been widely acknowledged, detailed descriptions of such patterns in different varieties are still lacking. Our aim is to present and discuss linguistic data from Aromanian and other Balkan Romance varieties (Istroromanian and Meglen Vlach) to better understand the inter- and intra-dialectal variation of Differential Place Marking. We study and compare their occurrences in the linguistic transcripts from different synchronic Aromanian varieties: from Kruševo (Gołąb 1984), Ohrid and Struga (Markoviḱ 2007), and Turia/Kranéa (Bara et al 2005). The results of the comparative analysis suggest that the dialectal and diachronic picture is not uniform. Various semantic factors, such as the type of noun indicating location (proper vs. common) and whether the location is perceived as proximal or distant seem to play a key role. Феноменот на диференцијално локативно обележување (Haspelmath 2019), познат и како нулто обележување на просторните релации (Stolz et al. 2014), е карактеристичен за јазиците на Балканот. Примери за вакво диференцијално обележување се документирани во ароманските говори (Kramer 1981; Caragiu-Marioțeanu 1975) и во балканските јазици: грчкиот (Holton et al. 1997), македонскиот (Koneski 1965); во класичните јазици: старогрчкиот (Luraghi 2017) и латинскиот (Haspelmath 2019; Kramer 1981). Но, иако диференцијалното локативно обележување се смета за балканска карактеристика, сè уште нема детални описи за нејзината дистрибуција во различни говори. Целта на нашето истражување е да ги анализираме јазичните податоци од ароманските и од другите балкано-романски варијанти (истророманскиот и мегленовлашкиот) за подобро да ја разбереме дијалекталната варијабилност на диференцијалното локативно обележување. Ги анализираме примерите без предлог во јазичните транскрипти од неколку современи аромански варијанти: од Крушево (Gołąb 1984), Охрид и Струга (Марковиќ 2007), како и од Турија/Кранеа (Bara et al. 2005). Нашата компаративна анализа покажува дека дијалектолошката и дијахрониската слика на оваа појава не е униформна. Различни семантички фактори, како што е типот на именката во топонимот (општа наспроти лична) и растојанието до определеното место играат главна улога во употребата на диференцијалното локативно маркирање

CONFRONTING THE DARK LEGAL HISTORY: BERND RÜTHERS – THE CONSCIOUS OF THE GERMAN LEGAL THEORY

The German legal theory is of crucial importance for understanding the continental legal tradition to which most of the continent’s legal systems belong. The continental legal tradition reaches far beyond Europe influencing the development of legal systems of countries on other continents. Having in mind the reach history of the German legal theory in reviving and rethinking the old Roman law that lies in the foundations of the contemporary continental legal tradition, researching it is a very important task for all lawyers, theorists and practitioners that work in legal systems belonging to the continental legal tradition. However, the German legal theory beside its bright side has also a very dark past during the rule of the national-socialist terror regime in Germany from 1933 till 1945. The terror regime was underpinned by legal perversion to which creation, unfortunately, many leading legal theorists contributed. After the end of the Second World War, as in many other areas of living, also in the legal science ruled a “vow of silence”. During the sixties od the 20th century this “vow of silence” was interrupted by an ambitious and brave young lawyer Bernd Rüthers who revealed the intellectual crimes of the leading German legal theorists during that period in his habilitation thesis. The focus of this paper is on the intellectual work of Bernd Rüthers in researching the dark side of the German legal theory and the influence his research had on initiating a broader debate of this issue among German lawyers, but also historians during the eighties of the 20th century. That debate helped the process of “dealing with the past” in the German society that was necessary not only to understand the dark past, but also not to let the dark past repeat in the future

THE REFLECTION OF THE TRAUMA OF THE MACEDONIAN PEOPLE IN THE NOVELS OF GJORGJI ABADJIEV AND TASHKO GEORGIEVSKI

Focusing on the conceptual elements of the first Serbian national cult that are general and shared with culturally related civilizations, this paper aims to examine the contribution of the common heritage to its genesis, offering an overview of the most significant connections and outlining a direction for their future interpretation. The first section will be dedicated to general considerations regarding the relationship between 13th-century Serbian hymnography and translated, particularly biblical, literature. The following part will explore the connections between the cult of Saint Simeon and the cults of saints who are ideologically and thematically close to him. The central chapter will discuss the relationship between Saint Simeon and Saint Demetrius of Thessaloniki within the broader context of the Slavic reception of the cult of this Byzantine saint. The concluding section of the paper will offer a comparative analysis of Saint Sava’s Service to Saint Simeon in light of the Service to Saint Simeon Stylites, drawing on earlier scholarship. The goal of the study is to shed light on the cult of Saint Simeon within a broader cultural framework beyond the Serbian context, which is especially important in affirming the participation of Serbian culture and literature in the shared spiritual life of the Orthodox oikoumene – thereby suggesting that the value of its original contributions is indeed universal.Усредсређујући се на оно што је у идејном садржају првог српског националног култа опште и заједничко с цивилизацијски блиским културама, сагледаћемо удео заједничког наслеђа у његовој генези, с циљем да дамо преглед најзначајнијих веза и оцртамо правац њиховог будућег тумачења. Стога ће први одељак излагања бити посвећен неколиким општим раматрањима односа српске химнографије XIII века према преводној, нарочито библијској књижевности. Затим ћемо сагледати везе између култа Светог Симеона и светих који су му, према идејним садржинама и поукама култова, блиски. У средишњем поглављу реч ће бити о везама између Светог Симеона и Димитрија Солунског у контексту шире словенске рецепције култа византијског свеца. У закључном поглављу рада ћемо, с ослонцем на претходна истраживања, компаративно сагледати Савину Службу Светом Симеону у светлу Службе Светом Симеону Столпнику. Циљ рада је да осветли Симеонов култ у културном контексту ширем од српског, што је нарочито значајно са становишта потврде учешћа српске културе и књижевности у заједничком духовном животу православне васељене – што имплицира и да је вредност њених оригиналних доприноса универзална

THE GUARDIANSHIP IN THE REPUBLIC OF NORTH MACEDONIA. NECESSITY TO TRANSIT FROM SUBSTITUTE DECISION-MAKING FOR THE WARD TO SUPPORTIVE DECISION-MAKING WITH THE WARD

The author tackles the topic on guardianship in the intersection between family law and human rights that is very important yet neglected in the Macedonian legal theory and jurisprudence. Namely, the Republic of North Macedonia has ratified the Convention on Rights of Persons with Disabilities and has obligations to align its legal system (primarily its Family Law and Law on Non-contentious Procedure, but also other laws) with its spirit. However, it seems as if mental capacity is associated (or at least closely related) with legal capacity and as a result, persons deprived of legal capacity are limited to enjoy and act upon many fundamental rights. The author concludes that the Macedonian legal system is still very paternalistic when it comes to the relationship between vulnerable adults and the persons responsible to protect their interests on their behalf, appointed by the State. Therefore, the principle of presupposed ‘best interests’ dominates over the ‘will and preferences’ principle. Accordingly, the system recognizes only substitute decision-making for the ward, instead of supportive decision-making with the ward. This should be changed as a matter of priority in the future

ROLA LITERATURY W PRZYSWAJANIU KULTURY POLSKIEJ PRZEZ STUDENTÓW ZAGRANICZNYCH. BUDOWANIE KOMPETENCJI SOCJOKULTUROWEJ I SOCJOLINGWISTYCZNEJ NA PRZYKŁADZIE POWIEŚCI OLGI TOKARCZUK KSIĘGI JAKUBOWE

Literature plays a crucial role in teaching Polish as a foreign literature, offering rich resources for acquiring culture in an enjoyable way. The use of literary texts as didactic material in teaching Polish as a foreign language has a long-standing tradition. Literary texts provide extensive support for illustrating specific linguistic phenomena, enriching lexical and morphosyntactic structures, and stimulating conversational skills through engaging topics. This paper explores the benefits of incorporating literary texts into Polish language and culture classes, highlighting their role in developing analytical skills, expanding vocabulary, and deepening cultural understanding. The analysis focuses on Olga Tokarczuk’s novel The Books of Jacob, which offers a broad panorama of the socio- political, multiethnic, and multicultural reality of 18th-century Poland. The novel serves as an exemplary tool for illustrating various aspects of Polish culture, such as daily life, traditions, and historical events. Additionally, the contributions of figures like Benedykt Chmielowski and the Załuski brothers to Polish culture are examined, emphasizing their impact on education and the preservation of the cultural heritage. The paper concludes that well-chosen literary texts significantly enhance the learning process by fostering sociolinguistic competence and broadening students’ intellectual horizons.Literatura odgrywa kluczową rolę w nauczaniu języka polskiego jako obcego, oferując bogate zasoby do przyswajania kultury w przyjemny sposób. Wykorzystanie tekstów literackich jako materiału dydaktycznego w nauczaniu języka polskiego jako obcego ma wieloletnią tradycję. Teksty literackie stanowią bogate wsparcie dla ilustrowania określonych zjawisk językowych, wzbogacania struktur leksykalnych i morfosyntaktycznych oraz stymulowania umiejętności konwersacyjnych poprzez angażujące tematy. Niniejszy artykuł analizuje korzyści płynące z włączenia tekstów literackich do zajęć z języka i kultury polskiej, podkreślając ich rolę w rozwijaniu umiejętności analitycznych, poszerzaniu słownictwa i pogłębianiu zrozumienia kulturowego. Analiza koncentruje się na powieści Olgi Tokarczuk „Księgi Jakubowe”, która oferuje szeroką panoramę społeczno-politycznej, wieloetnicznej i wielokulturowej rzeczywistości XVIII-wiecznej Polski. Powieść służy jako przykładowe narzędzie do zilustrowania różnych aspektów polskiej kultury, takich jak życie codzienne, tradycje i wydarzenia historyczne. Ponadto przeanalizowano wkład postaci takich jak Benedykt Chmielowski i bracia Załuscy w polską kulturę, podkreślając ich wpływ na zachowanie dziedzictwa kulturowego. W artykule stwierdzono, że dobrze dobrane teksty literackie znacznie usprawniają i urozmaicają proces uczenia się poprzez rozwijanie kompetencji socjolingwistycznych i poszerzanie horyzontów intelektualnych uczniów

РУССКИЙ МАТ И ЕГО ОТРАЖЕНИЕ В АНЕКДОТАХ

The article examines various aspects of the non-trivial existence of the so- called Russian swearing in everyday communication, such as issues of the origin and original semantics of the most ancient words in the Slavic language, as well as the issue of their modern understanding, evaluation and role in the national language. The author believes that in the distant past all the ancient vocabulary, now considered obscene, was common Slavic, sacred and in no way abusive or low. This equally applies to the actual “obscene” expression and to the vocabulary denoting the generative organs of a person. The issue of the functioning of swear words in modern Russian jokes is also considered.Статья рассматривает различные аспекты нетривиального бытия так называемого русского мата в бытовом общении: проблемы происхождения и исконной семантики древнейших слов в языке славян; проблема их современного понимания, оценки и роли в общенациональном языке. Автор полагает, что вся древняя, сейчас нецензурная, лексика в далеком прошлом была общеславянской, сакральной и ни в коем случае не ругательной или низкой. Это в равной мере относится и к собственно «матерному» выражению, и к лексике, обозначающей порождающие органы человека. Также рассматриваются проблемы функционирования матерщиной лексики в современных русских анекдотах

SERGE RAYNAUD DE LA FERRIÈRE’S DOCTRINE READJUSTMENT: THE UGB AND THEOCRACY

Serge Raynaud de la Ferrière (1916-1962) left his native France to the Americas. He knewthe predominance of America for the New Age of Aquarius that was about to begin. In 1948 hefounded the Great Universal Brotherhood (UGB) in Caracas, Venezuela, a worldwide and culturalinstitution to re-educate humanity. After traveling the five continents, he returned to Europe in1953. Right after he re-established communication with his disciples in America, he noted that hiswork and literature was being deformed. He even said that he couldn’t recognize his own foundation!Consequently, he began readjusting his work and wrote most part of his extensive literature.In this period, Ferriz, his fourth and last emblematic disciple appeared. He translated under hissupervision some of his most important texts, and among other tasks he asked him to write hisbooks’ prologue, exegesis and be his Literature’s Coordinator. In the context of the New Age, R. dela Ferrière discusses theocracy and mentioned some precursor signs for its advent. These are brieflydiscussed in this essay. They were misinterpreted by his other emblematic disciples – contrary to hisidea of a government of wise people. They believed in absolute authority and autocratic governmentthat in various instances they applied it in the UGB. Ferriz asserts that this was probably theseed that caused their failure to follow R. de la Ferrière’s Readjustment and created an ideologicaland doctrinaire difference between their beliefs and R. de la Ferrière’s thought. In 1990, to safeguardthe original UGB and R. de la Ferrière’s thought, Ferriz left in Exodus the deformed UGB andcreated a new one