От социального противоречия к социальной конкуренции – базовому правовому режиму (способу) жизнедеятельности государства (Часть II)

The subject of the article is social competition as the basic legal regime (mode) of statehood as a systemic channel that determines the functioning of property as a goal and the state as a means.The aim of the article is to confirm or refute hypothesis that the resolution of social contradictions is a kind of legal regime for the realization of property as the fundamental purpose of the existence of the state.According to the author's methodology of normative structuralism, the assignment to each mode of property organization of a specific function (social development function, social compromise (convergence) function, social security function) generated the corresponding potential for the emergence and existence of social contradictions, where the state as an artificial (reasonable) sufficiency had to direct the energy of the said contradictions into the normative-legal channel and thus ensure the existence of social competition.The main results. The restriction and leveling of social competition and the transition to domination as the basic legal regime (mode) of statehood destroys the natural mechanism for resolving social contradictions and transfers this mechanism to the plane of directive political and ideological expediency. As a result, the power of the structural organization of the state is transformed into a goal of its existence, and property only into a means of realizing this goal. There is a disavowal of property as a fundamental goal of the existence of the state; the escalation of its imperialization begins, triggering the destruction of social competition as the basic legal regime (mode) of statehood. There is a danger of an existential rupture between the three most important social institutions of human civilization: property, competition, and the state.Society, constituting the creation of the state as artificial (reasonable) sufficiency, through the functioning of the structural organization of power has fixed the fundamental purpose of existence - property in the form of an integral structural platform of the main ways of its organization (private (individualized), mixed (corporate), general (collective)), assigning to each of them the execution of the corresponding social function.Conclusions. Society, realizing the existence of a social contradiction, purposefully forms appropriate ways (rules) to overcome them to ensure its progressive development. The essence of the legal regime as the existence of the resolution of this social contradiction can be defined by the concept of “competition”.Представлена вторая часть исследования социальной конкуренции как естественного механизма разрешения социальных противоречий, которые возникают и существуют в обществе. Автор отмечает, что собственность как основополагающая цель существования государства посредством социальной конкуренции – базового правового режима (способа) его жизнедеятельности – предопределяет первопричинность структурной организации власти в качестве средства реализации этой цели. Разрушение же социальной конкуренции в качестве базового правового режима (способа) жизнедеятельности государства неизменно декретирует наступление положения, когда власть превращается в основополагающую цель существования государства, а собственность трансформируется лишь в средство обеспечения данной цели. Так любая государственность вступает в начало эпохи социальной деградации

Квалификация совместного совершения преступления с лицом, не подлежащим уголовной ответственности

The subject. The qualification’s problem of a crime jointly committed by two or more people, only one of whom is criminally liable, is ambiguously resolved. It is shown that there is a case law tendency to bring into the scope of criminal liability all of people, who have participated in committing a crime together, as accomplices and co-perpetrators. However, it does not correspond to the main theory of complicity, according to which a group of perpetrators being a form of complicity consists exclusively of criminally liable offenders. And, moreover, there is a plenty of sentences, in which courts confirm that a criminally unliaible person is not able to be one of accomplices and co-perpetrators, as a consequence another offender is individually responsible for committing a crime.The goal of the study is to determine whether joint commission of a crime by two or more people, only one of whom is criminally liable, constitutes complicity and a group of perpetrators. General (analysis, synthesis) and private scientific (formal-dogmatic, historical-legal) methods are used to achieve the goal.The main results. In case law qualification of joint commission of a crime by two or more people, only one of whom is criminally liable, has gone through several stages in its development and directly depended on a type of the crime. Regional case law often does not coincide with the position of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation. There are three main theories in criminal law science, according to which joint commission of a crime by some people, only one of whom is criminally liable: (a) forms both complicity and a group; (b) does not form either complicity or a group; (c) forms a group without signs of complicity.Conclusion. Joint commission of a crime by two or more people, only one of whom is criminally liable, constitutes a group of perpetrators without signs of complicity. The interpretation dividing complicity and a group of perpetrators into two different institutions allows to take into account a group way of committing a crime as a feature of the objective side and define criminally liable offenders.В науке и практике не разрешена проблема квалификации преступления, совершенного двумя и более лицами, если только одно из них подлежит уголовной ответственности. Цель статьи – определить, образуются ли в указанных случаях соучастие и группа лиц. Отмечается, что практика квалификации такого рода совместного совершения преступлений нестабильна и обусловлена видом преступления. В доктрине подобное совместное совершение преступления оценивается как с признанием признаков группы и соучастия, так и с их отрицанием. Сделан вывод о том, что совместное совершение преступления несколькими лицами, лишь одно из которых подлежит уголовной ответственности, образует группу без признаков соучастия

Налогообложение операций с цифровыми финансовыми активами в контексте классических правил налогообложения

Subject. The existing mechanisms of taxation of transactions with crypto assets on the territory of the Russian Federation are analyzed in the article. The choice of the research object is due to the increasing role of crypto assets in the modern Russian economy, as well as the necessity to propose new mechanisms to ensure the tax security of the state in the face of new challenges.The purpose of the study. The existing mechanisms of taxation of transactions related to the use and turnover of crypto assets in Russia are considered. Authors analyze both the main problems faced by individuals and legal entities operating with cryptocurrencies. The analysis of the current legislation is provided, possible ways to improve the legislation are suggested.Methodology. In the course of their work, the researchers were guided by philological and systematic ways of interpreting current legal norms, as well as existing explanations of financial authorities related to current approaches to taxation of transactions with crypto assets.Conclusions. It is concluded that the approaches proposed by the legislator to taxation of transactions with crypto assets are similar to the mechanisms that apply to traditional financial instruments, but at the same time, assets that are not similar to traditional ones remain outside the regulation.Проведен анализ существующих механизмов налогообложения операций с криптоактивами в Российской Федерации. Выбор объекта исследования обусловлен возрастающей ролью криптоактивов в российской экономике, а также необходимостью разработки механизмов обеспечения налоговой безопасности государства в условиях новых вызовов, одним из которых является развитие цифровой экономики. Представлен анализ налоговых проблем, с которыми сталкиваются физические и юридические лица, оперирующие криптоактивами, сформулированы предложения по совершенствованию российского налогового законодательства.По итогам исследования сделан вывод о том, что действующие подходы к налогообложению операций с криптоактивами аналогичны механизмам, которые применяются к традиционным финансовым инструментам, но при этом за пределами регулирования остается ряд активов, обладающих особыми правовыми свойствами

Директивная модель управления корпорациями с участием государства в сфере оборонно-промышленного комплекса

The subject. The variety of existing models of management of commercial corporations at the current stage requires the­ir assessment, including in relation to certain areas of economic activity. This article examines the legal aspects of the principles of construction and content of a directive model of organization management using the example of corporations with state participation in the field of the military-industrial complex. The procedure for directive voting in the bodies of the corporation is analyzed.The purpose is to identify the determination and the essence of directive model of corporate management in the field of the military-industrial complex.Methodology of the research includes legal analysis of the Russian corporative legislation, directives of the Russian Government and judicial practice.The main results. The basics of regulatory regulation in this area of corporate relations are disclosed. Local regulations ensuring the formation of a directive model of corporate management are investigated. The review of competence of bodies of corporation with participation of public legal entities is given. Options are proposed for a legal assessment of the liability of persons who are members of the bodies of the corporations in question.General rule is proposed: in the case of voting in the bodies of a corporate organization, a representative of the state is released from responsibility if he acted on the basis of the issued directive (recommendation).Conclusions. The regularities of the development of corporate legislation on the issues under consideration and the influence of various factors on them are revealed.Многообразие существующих моделей управления коммерческими корпорациями на современном этапе требует их оценки, в том числе применительно к отдельным сферам экономической деятельности. В настоящей статье исследуются правовые аспекты принципов построения и содержания директивной модели управления организациями на примере корпораций с государственным участием в сфере оборонно-промышленного комплекса. Анализируется процедура директивного голосования в органах корпорации. Раскрываются основы нормативного регулирования данной области корпоративных отношений. Исследуются локальные нормативные акты, обеспечивающие формирование директивной модели управления корпорациями. Дается обзор компетенции органов корпорации с участием публично-правовых образований. Предлагаются варианты правовой оценки ответственности лиц, входящих в состав органов рассматриваемых корпораций. Выявляются закономерности развития корпоративного законодательства по рассматриваемой проблематике и влияние на них различных факторов

Болезнь как уважительная причина восстановления срока принятия наследства

The subject. Compliance with the term for the implementation of the inheritance rights for persons wishing to become successors of a deceased citizen is an important condition for acquiring rights to hereditary property. Nevertheless, frequently, owing to various reasons, citizens from among the heirs cannot comply with the procedure established by law, which, in most cases, engenders the need referring to the court with a inquire about extension of the deadline to recognize the right to inherited property. The court will be able to satisfy the stated requirements if there is a valid reason, which prevented the heir from exercising his right.The purpose of the article.The authorsdare to determine whether a disease, including a new coronavirus infection COVID-19, can be considered as a respectful reason for a recovery period for acceptance of the inheritance. The established objective has determined the need to solve the following tasks: (1) to analyze the legal reasoning of the disputed issue in the doctrine; (2) to study jurisprudence on the subject of the study; (3) to assess how fully the rules of Article 1155 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation are applicable in relation to the citizens from whom it is potentially impossible to get out of a diseased state; (4) to offer our own perspective on the issue.Research methods are systematic approach and formal legal analysis of doctrinal sources and the existing Russian legislation and law application practice.The main results of a study. It is shown that not every painful condition can be regarded as a valid reason for restoring the term of inheritance acceptance under Article 1155 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation. The existing science means do not allow us to formulate a final conclusion on the issue under study. Therefore, taking into account the evaluative nature of the rule applied, only the law enforcement body is able to make a decision, fully analyzing the relevant circumstances.Conclusions.When considering cases on the restoration of the term of acceptance of inheritance due to illness, the courts need to take into account a combination of factors: the nature of the disease, its duration, treatment conditions, prognosis of the disease, the degree of social adaptation of the heir. The rules of Article 1155 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation regarding the establishment of a six-month period for applying to the court need to be revised. Their use is unjustified, and compliance is impossible in the event that a person's exit from a painful state is not expected, while due to the course of the disease, the heir is unable to declare his rights.На основе анализа правоприменительной практики, статистических данных, доктринальных суждений показаны особенности применения ст. 1155 Гражданского кодекса РФ. Посредством использования общенаучных (обобщение, анализ, синтез и др.) и частнонаучных методов (формально-юридический, сравнительно-правовой и др.) доказано, что выяснение того, насколько та или иная болезнь действительно мешала своевременному осуществлению права наследования, представляет в ряде случаев значительную сложность. Поэтому судам необходимо учитывать совокупность факторов: характер заболевания, его длительность, условия лечения, прогноз развития заболевания, степень социальной адаптации наследника

О доступной среде в муниципальных образованиях Российской Федерации

The subject. This article discusses the main issues related to the competence of local governments in the field of providing an accessible environment for the disabled.Methodology. The paper analyzes the federal legislation regulating the powers of local self-government bodies in the field of providing an accessible environment for the disabled, and discusses the essence of these powers.Main results, scope of application. The powers of local self-government bodies in the field of providing an accessible environment for the disabled should be considered, first of all, as the powers of the owner.At the same time, the powers of the owner are not the only powers of local governments in this area. Local self-government bodies participate in activities to ensure that disabled people living on the territory of the relevant municipalities have equal opportunities with other citizens in the exercise of their rights and freedoms provided for by the Constitution of the Russian Federation. Based on this, local self-government bodies should participate in providing an accessible environment for disabled people not only on municipal property, but also on the territory of the municipality as a whole, together with state authorities and organizations.The second group of powers of local self-government bodies in the field of providing an accessible environment for the disabled can include: (1) the powers of local self-government bodies, which are implemented by them when granting local self-government bodies separate state powers in the field of providing an accessible environment for the disabled; (2) the powers of local self-government bodies, which are implemented by them jointly with the state authorities of the subjects of the Russian Federation at the expense of subsidies from the regional budget as part of the implementation of measures of the state programs of the subjects of the Russian Federation on the accessible environment; (3) the powers of local self-government bodies to participate, together with public organizations of disabled people, in the work on certification of priority facilities and services in priority areas of life of disabled people and other low-mobility groups of the population, carried out by state authorities of the subjects of the Russian Federation.Conclusions. When considering the issue of the essence of the powers of local self-government bodies in the field of providing an accessible environment for the disabled, based on the analysis of the practice of the Russian Constitutional Court and the Supreme Court, it was revealed that by their nature these powers, as a rule, are neither separate state powers transferred to local self-government bodies for implementation, nor their own powers of local self-government bodies to address issues of local importance.Рассматриваются основные вопросы, связанные с компетенцией органов местного самоуправления в сфере обеспечения доступной среды для инвалидов. Дается анализ федерального законодательства, регулирующего полномочия органов местного самоуправления в сфере обеспечения доступной среды для инвалидов, рассматриваются вопросы о сущности указанных полномочий

Ответственность за незаконное осуществление деятельности по предоставлению потребительских кредитов (займов): современное состояние и перспективы совершенствования

Consumer lending services are among the most demanded in the financial market. The high socio-economic significance of the activities of entities providing consumer loans is increasing in the context of regional imbalances in the implementation of banking services and the focus of credit institutions on clients with a certain income and stable income. Solving the problems of the availability of financial services for citizens living in small settlements, as well as persons who cannot receive funds from credit institutions due to low income, negative credit history, lack of collateral, microcredit organizations increase the purchasing power of the population, maintain the standard of living socially vulnerable citizens, stimulate the country's economy, involving (through investment) low-income strata in economic processes, making tax payments. The increased requirements for professional lenders determined the expansion of the illegal financial services sector, supported by high consumer demand. In order to counteract the illegal activities of illegal creditors and protect the interests of consumers of credit services, the legislator established administrative and criminal liability.The analysis of the current norms, which provide for liability for illegal activities for the provision of consumer loans (loans), carried out in the course of the study, made it possible to identify technical and legal flaws in the content of Art. 14.56 of the Administrative Code and enshrined in 2021 Art. 171.5 of the Criminal Code.Having identified the problems arising in the implementation of Art. 14.56 of the Administrative Code in practice, the author proposes to exclude from the disposition of this norm the signs that specify the subject of an administrative offense (legal entity, individual entrepreneur). The inevitability of the liability of illegal usurers will be ensured by changing the approach to determining the moment when illegal professional activities for the provision of consumer loans (Art. 14.56 of the Administrative Code) are concluded from the date of the conclusion of the consumer loan agreement on the day the creditor submits executive documents for organizing the enforcement of court decisions on the collection of the corresponding debt.Having determined the disposition of Art. 171.5 of the Criminal Code casually, with a triple reference-blanketness, the legislator not only deviated from the rules of legal technique, but also disoriented the law enforcement officer in the content of the criminal law prohibition. The author substantiates the proposals to state Art. 171.5 of the Criminal Code in a new edition, excluding the name of the violated law and detailing the signs of the subject of the crime. As crimi-forming signs, the composition covered by Art. 171.5 of the Criminal Code, it was proposed to determine alternatively: the large size of consumer loans (loans) issued by an illegal lender (over 2 million 250 thousand rubles); administrative punishment of a person under Art. 14.56 of the Administrative Code.Проводится анализ действующих норм, предусматривающих ответственность за незаконное осуществление деятельности по предоставлению потребительских кредитов (займов), позволяющий выявить технико-юридические изъяны в содержании ст. 14.56 Кодекса РФ об административных правонарушениях (КоАП РФ) и закрепленной в 2021 г. ст. 1715 Уголовного кодекса (УК) РФ. Через выявление проблем, возникающих при реализации ст. 14.56 КоАП РФ на практике, обосновываются предложения по реформированию указанной нормы и изменению подхода к определению момента окончания закрепленного в ней деяния. Аргументируется потребность внесения изменений в ст. 1715 УК РФ, реализация которых обеспечит эффективное противодействие деятельности нелегальных участников финансового рынка

Тенденция старения осужденных в местах лишения свободы: некоторые проблемы и пути их решения (отечественный и компаративистский аспекты)

The subject of the article is the peculiarities of the execution of imprisonment in relation to the elderly (over 50 years old) as an independent legal institution of penitentiary law in Russia and abroad.The purpose of the article is to identify the patterns and problems of the execution of punishment in the form of imprisonment in relation to elderly people (over 50 years old) in Russia and abroad, taking into account the growth trend of this category of prisoners and propose a legal solution to the problem.Main tasks: (1) to determine using statistical indicators the change in the number of elderly prisoners and identify the main trend in quantitative indicators; (2) identify problems that arise in elderly prisoners due to the lack of legislative regulation of the organization of an accessible environment in correctional institutions; (3) conduct a comparative analysis of the organization of medical care in relation to the elderly when serving a sentence of imprisonment in Russia and abroad; (4) determine ways to improve Russian legislation in the field of punishment in the form of imprisonment in relation to elderly prisoners.Research methodology. When studying the tendency of aging convicts to imprisonment in Russia and abroad, an analysis of statistical data was used. The work is a comparative legal study as a result of the study of domestic and foreign experience in the execution of sentences in the form of imprisonment, as well as the penal policy of Russia and foreign countries in relation to elderly prisoners; specific sociological technique was used when conducting a survey of persons over 55 years old serving a sentence of imprisonment in Russia; the formal-legal method made it possible to formulate a number of proposals on the need to reform penitentiary institutions, taking into account the age characteristics of this category of convicts.Main results and scope of their application. Firstly, the possibility of allocating a separate chapter to the PEC of the Russian Federation on the peculiarities of the execution of punishment in the form of imprisonment of elderly convicts is justified. Secondly, the definition of the concept of "accessible environment", as well as the peculiarities of medical care for elderly convicts, taking into account the relevant experience of foreign countries. Thirdly, there is a need to form legal institutions for the socialization and resocialization of elderly people (over 55 years old) during the period of serving criminal sentences in the form of imprisonment, taking into account age characteristics and foreign experience.Conclusion. Age characteristics and health conditions have a direct impact on the correctional impact of those sentenced to imprisonment. Russian and foreign experience clearly show that at present there is no unified political and legal approach in relation to elderly prisoners, despite the general growth trend of this category of persons. In Russia and abroad, there is a need to build correctional institutions of a new type, which will take into account, among other things, the age characteristics of the convicts. In this case, it is necessary to start with the development of individual legal institutions.Анализируется тенденция роста числа заключенных пожилого возраста, отбывающих наказание в виде лишения свободы в исправительных учреждениях России и других стран.  Отмечается,  что  сохраняется  ежегодная  динамика  роста  числа  лиц  старше55 лет, отбывающих уголовное наказание в исправительных учреждениях России, США и стран Европейского Союза. Делаются выводы о том, что, во-первых, тенденция роста числа пожилых осужденных имеет общемировой характер; во-вторых, в уголовно-исполнительном праве необходимо выделить особый правовой институт, устанавливающий условия отбывания наказаний лицами пожилого возраста; в-третьих, содержание лиц пожилого возраста требует со стороны государства отдельного внимания и дополнительных финансовых затрат в связи с особым состоянием здоровья пожилых лиц; в-четвертых, при разработке законодательства о пробации считаем необходимым уделить особое внимание исследуемой категории лиц

Преодоление действия норм международных налоговых договоров посредством внутригосударственного права одной из сторон (tax treaty override)

Subject of research. The article is dedicated to the “tax treaty override”; it outlines debatable aspects, associated herewith. “Tax treaty override” is an action (in certain cases - omission of action) to expand taxation beyond (jurisdictional boundaries), defined in double taxation agreements which is implemented mainly through the intentional alteration of national legis-lation. The correlation between national and international legal norms has major impact upon the agreements on double taxation of income taking into account that many states including Russia are participants to the Multilateral Convention to Implement Tax Treaty Related Measures to Prevent Base Erosion and Profit Shifting 2016, which modifies rules of the men-tioned agreements and therefore begets a large number of possible collisions.Goal of the article. The goal of the article is to demonstrate that even if constitutional pro-visions don’t prevent the adoption of legislation on taxes and charges in contradiction with international obligations – that doesn’t imply that the latter lack legal significance. The goal also includes revealing specific features of double taxation agreements one of which is deep integration with domestic tax legislation that doesn’t stand still, but is evolving constantly. Methods of research. The preparation phase included the following research methods: formallogical analysis, system-based analysis, description, juxtaposition, synthesis and summarizing.Basic outcomes. The author draws a conclusion that the alteration (expansion) of tax jurisdiction which impacts i.a. the contents of tax residents’ rights of one or both treaty countries (party countries, treaty states) is actually the essence of tax treaty override. The main objectives of regulatory impact are jurisdictional capabilities (distributive rules) of states and tax reliefs for residents (individuals for the tax agreements). The phenomenon under consideration represents an artificially generated collision between the provisions of tax treaties and more recent norms of domestic legislation of one of the countries subject to a tax agreement, while the mentioned issue should be resolved in favor of domestic regulations. The main goals of regulatory impact include: jurisdictional capabilities of states (dis-tributive rules) and tax reliefs or benefits for residents (individuals for the tax agreements). Tax treaty override emerges when a provision of a law prevails and cannot be overridden by the means of tax agreements, including the test of correspondence between a national legal definition and the agreement context. At the same time legal changes that have prevailing power may correspond with international law (reasonable protection of national tax base) since the treaty states seek to eliminate double taxation without creating possibility of taxation freedom or reduction of taxation through tax avoidance and tax evasion.Раскрыто авторское представление о существе такого явления, как tax treaty override, и обозначены дискуссионные аспекты, связанные с ним. Tax treaty override – действие (в ряде случаев – бездействие) по расширению налогообложения за пределы (юрисдикционные ограничения), определенные в соглашениях об избежании двойного налогообложения, которое реализуется, главным образом, посредством целенаправленного изменения внутреннего законодательства. Изменение (расширение) налоговой юрисдикции, влияющее, в том числе, на содержание прав налоговых резидентов одного или обоих договаривающихся государств, – ядро tax treaty override. Главными целями регуляторного воздействия являются: юрисдикционные возможности государств (дистрибутивные правила) и налоговые льготы для резидентов (лиц для целей соглашений об избежании двойного налогообложения)

Источники международного семейного права: a posse ad esse non valet consequentia

The sources of international family law are not accurately defined in Russian legislation and legal doctrine, and are often misinterpreted in practice as well. The subject of this study, therefore, is the legal form of private international law norms, to determine the set of sources to be used to resolve cross-border family disputes in Russia. The research methodology adopted by the author includes the logical methods of analysis and synthesis, as well as formal, legal and comparative private scientific methods. A logical result of insufficient attention to the sources of private international law is the persisting ambiguity in their composition, which has manifested into the analysis of the sources of international family law.The author concludes that the broad understanding of private international law sources proposed by legal doctrines and the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation does not find full confirmation in resolving cross-border family disputes in practice. Outdated regulation does not allow international treaties to maintain precedence in the system of sources. Despite the Ruling of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation on the procedure for its application, the use of international treaties has not become wide-spread in resolving cross-border family disputes by Russian courts.The inconsistency of Russian legislation with the generally recognized principles and norms of international law has sparked academic discussion regarding their regulatory impact. This, however, did not prevent the highest court from referring to them as the sources of private international law for the Russian Federation. This study demonstrates the lack of convincing evidence for their use as a source of international family law.Acts of international organizations, when provided in the form of an international treaty or regulation, can serve as a basis for resolving cross-border family disputes. Acts that do not have a similar expression are not sources, but can influence the legislator due to their rec-ommendatory nature.The domestic legislation of the Russian Federation comprises a large number of Acts con-taining the norms of international family law. While agreeing with the idea of its codification as a whole, the author opines that it requires not only a thorough analysis of de lege lata, but also a balanced approach to de lege ferenda.Customs recognized in the Russian Federation have the potential value of a source of international family law. However, at the same time, their use in resolving cross-border family disputes is not supported by empirical data.Foreign law, including foreign customs, is the set of rules that can be applied in resolving disputes, subject to regulatory permission. They should be distinguished from the sources of law of the national legal system. Therefore, it is incorrect to consider them as sources of private international law of the Russian Federation.Определение состава источников международного семейного права недостаточно устоялось в российском законодательстве и юридической доктрине, нередко ошибочно трактуется в правоприменении. Предметом настоящего исследования выступают юридические формы выражения норм международного частного права с целью определения состава источников, призванных служить основой разрешения трансграничных семейных споров. Методология исследования представлена логическими приемами анализа и синтеза, а также частно-научными методами – формально-юридическим, сравнительного правоведения.Делается вывод, что расширительный подход к источникам международного семейного права, предложенный доктриной и Верховным Судом РФ, не находит полного подтверждения в практике разрешения российскими судами семейных споров, осложненных иностранным элементом