The Urgency of Identification of Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamase (ESBL) Produced Bacteria in Indonesia

The Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamase (ESBL) produced bacterias are the bacteria group that have resistant characteristic to beta-lactam antibiotics because of their ability to hydrolyze these antibiotics. This is a global health issue because they can reduce the treatment effectiveness and endanger human health. The ESBL produced bacterias were reported that they can be isolated from samples originated from animals, humans, and environment, indicating the potency of the resistant genes spreading widely. Therefore, it is necessary to take the preventive and control measures across sectors and stakeholders to limit the widespread transmission of resistant genes carried-bacteria, so the ESBL produced bacteria prevalence can be monitored. This article aims to present the studies of ESBL produced bacteria in Indonesia and the comparison with another country based on published journals and data. Even though these bacterias were identified in various samples, the reports from animals (wild and domestic) and the environment are still available in small numbers in Indonesia. The comprehensive studies from various fields (one health spectrum) in detection and surveillance are needed to support the awareness of antimicrobial resistance. Surveillance can be conducted thorough microbial approach such as culture and identification, and molecular methods. The surveillance data can be used as the source for planning and controlling program of antimicrobial resistance especially ESBL produced bacterias in Indonesia

Antibacterial effect of oregano oil and its main component carvacrol on Campylobacter jejuni isolates from broiler caecum

Campylobacter jejuni is a colonizer of the intestines of animals, but the highest prevalences were recorded in the cecum of broiler chickens. Production errors contribute to the prevalence of broiler carcasses exceeding permitted norms, which increases the incidence of consumer disease from campylobacteriosis, a foodborne disease. In order to prevent people from getting sick, many producers resort to the prophylactic use of antibiotics in broilers, but this practice leads to antibiotic resistance. The aim of the work is to outline the possibility of using oregano oil as an alternative to antibiotics in order to reduce the colonization of the cecum with Campylobacter jejuni in broiler chickens, which will contribute to the microbiological integrity of chicken meat, but also to reduce the spread of antibiotic resistance. In vitro tests show the antibacterial activity of oregano oil and its main antibacterial component carvacrol on Campylobacter jejuni isolates from the cecum of broiler chickens, and in vivo tests throughout the fattening period indicate a significant reduction in cecal colonization in the first, but not the last, days of fattening, suggesting the importance of further tests

Association of DGAT1 Gene Related to Flavor, Odor, Cholesterol, and Mineral in Indonesian Sheep

Diacylglycerol acyltransferase 1 (DGAT1) is a potential candidate gene for improving Indonesian lamb’s quality and nutrient value.  The study aimed to identify the diversity of the DGAT1 gene with SNP g.8539 CT and its relation to Indonesian lamb's flavor and odor, cholesterol, and mineral.  Total of 254 ten to twelve months old sheep consisted of 20 Javanese fat-tail sheep (JFTS), 107 Javanese thin-tail sheep (JTTS), 10 Garut composite sheep (GCS), 10 Compass agrinak sheep (CAS), 10 Barbados cross sheep (BCS), 20 Garut sheep (GS), 27 Jonggol sheep (JS), and 50 Jambi local sheep (JLS).  One hundred sheep were used to analyze the association of the DGAT1 gene with flavor and odor content, cholesterol, and mineral.  The diversity of DGAT1|AluI was analyzed with the PCR-RFLP method.  The association of the DGAT1 gene with the nutritional value of meat was analyzed using the GLM (General Linear Model) method.  The results showed that the DGAT gene was polymorphic in JTTS, GS, and JFTS and monomorphic in CAS, BCS, JLS, and GCS.  CC and CT genotypes were found in JTTS, GS, and JFTS.  SNP g.8539 CT of DGAT1 gene had a significant association (P0.05) with flavor and odor, 4-Ethyloctanoic Acid (EOA).  However, the DGAT1 gene had no significant association (P0.05) with cholesterol and mineral.  The DGAT1 gene might be marker-assisted selection for improving lamb flavor and odor in Indonesian sheep

Immunity and Behaviour of Lambs Born from Ewes Fed a Flushing Diet Containing EPA and DHA

Nutrition can influence lamb survival and the immune status during the neonatal phase until weaning.  This study aimed to investigate the effect of flushing of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) from Lemuru fish oil in the Ewe's diet on lamb immunity and survival.  Twenty-eight neonatal lambs were divided into four treatments according to Ewe's diet.  Four treatments: control concentrate (P1), flushing concentrate with  6% palm oil (P2), flushing concentrate with 3% lemuru oil and 3% palm oil (P3), and flushing concentrate with 6% lemuru oil (P4).  The Ewe were fed Napier grass and concentrated in a 30:70% ratio based on dry matter.  Ewe and their lambs remained together until weaning at about two months of age.  The parameter observed in ewes was colostrum Immunoglobulin G (IgG).  The parameters in the Lamb are blood Ig G, neonatal behavior of the Lamb, physiological response, and hematology of the Lamb at birth and weaning.  The results showed that feeding P4, P3, and P2 to the Ewe resulted in a shorter latency to stand-in lamb (P0.05).  P1 has higher leukocytes (P0.05) during weaning than P2 and P3.  P1 has the same leukocyte as P4.  Treatment has a non-significant effect (P0.05) on Ig G and physiological response.  In conclusion, administering 6% Lemuru oil containing EPA and DHA twice can shorten the latency to stand in newborn lambs

Embryo Production and Development from Superovulated Donors in Double-Muscled Cattle and Their Crosses

Belgian Blue was introduced in Indonesia to increase the biodiversity of livestock genetic resources.  Belgian Blue was crossed with Ongole grade to increase the productivity of local cattle.  Therefore, this study evaluates reproduction traits, especially the response to superovulation, embryonic development, and quality of Belgian Blue, Ongole grade, and their crosses.  Estrous was synchronized with intravaginal progesterone Cue-Mate before artificial insemination (AI).  Superovulation was performed with Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) intramuscularly with non-surgical embryo flushing.  In addition, embryo quality was assessed microscopically according to the International Embryo Transfer Society (IETS) criteria.  The study was performed in a quasi-experimental design, and data were analyzed with an analysis of variance.  After superovulation, oocytes/embryos were obtained from all donor breeds.  Oocyte and embryo production from Ongole grade and Belgian Blue differed at 11.83±1.91 and 4.86±1.33, respectively, P0.05 (mean±SEM).  In addition, there are differences in recovery rate (89.63% vs. 75.35%) and fertilization rate (77.35% vs. 68.22%) between Ongole grade and Belgian Blue, respectively (P0.05).  There is no difference in embryo development quality and proportion of transferable embryos between Ongole grade, Belgian Blue, and their crosses.  This study concluded that the cross-bred Belgian Blue x Ongole donor had identical oocyte and embryo production, recovery rate, fertilization rate, and degenerative embryos compared to its purebred

Phylogeography of the Maleo Senkawor (Macrocephalon maleo Sal. Muller 1846) Based on Cytochrome B Gene in Sulawesi And Their Sex Determination using Molecular Sexing

The Maleo Senkawor bird (Macrocephalon maleo) is endemic and widely distributed in Sulawesi. Maleo Senkawor bird is monomorphic so it is difficult to distinguish between male and female individuals. This study aimed to determine the kinship relationship among M. maleo in various geographic areas in Sulawesi through the use of the gene marker Cytochrome-b (Cyt-b), determine the sex ratio, and examine the reliability of the 2550F/2718R primer. Fifteen (feather and eggshell) samples from North Sulawesi, Southeast Sulawesi, and Central Sulawesi were collected. Total DNA isolation was performed using the Dneasy® Blood and Tissue kit (Cat. No. 69504) following a Qiagen protocol with modification. PCR amplification (35 cycles) used a forward primer MMCytb_F (5'- GAAAATCCCACCCCCTACTA-3'), a reverse primer MMCytb_R (5'- GTTGGCTACGAGGAGTCAGA-3') and a primer for sexing used 2550F/2718R. Analysis was performed on the length of 903 bp Cyt-b mtDNA gene sequences of M. maleo along with their amino acid sequences (301 AA) and Chromo Helicase DNA-Binding (CHD) gene sequences. Based on the genetic distance of the Kimura 2-Parameter model and p-distance, the interpopulation of M. maleo in Sulawesi (the population of Southeast Sulawesi was separated from the population of Central Sulawesi and North Sulawesi) was 0.002 (0.2%) – 0.003 (0.3%). Each population has formed a different haplotype. Primer 2550F/2718R was able to amplify the CHD gene and could distinguish the sex identification. Male individuals are more dominant than female individuals with a sex ratio of 6,5:

A Systematic Review on the Role of the Respiratory and Intestinal Mucosal Immunity during Newcastle Disease Virus Infection

Newcastle disease (ND) is a devastating disease causing substantial economic losses due to high morbidity and mortality events worldwide in poultry. The disease is caused by the Newcastle disease virus (NDV), an enveloped, non-segmented single strand of negative-sense RNA approximately 15 kb in length. NDV can be classified as asymptomatic, lentogenic, mesogenic or velogenic pathotypes based on the levels of pathogenicity in chickens. The disease is being controlled by vaccination using either live-attenuated or inactivated vaccines. Various studies have been conducted to evaluate the association between mucosal immunity on NDV, however, the contribution of role of either respiratory or intestinal mucosal immunity remains to be revealed. Thus, the current study aimed to systematically review published articles about the role of respiratory and intestinal mucosal immunity during NDV infection. An online database search was performed through four different databases namely PubMed, Science Direct, JSTOR and Google Scholar using the following set of keywords: ‘Newcastle disease’, ‘Newcastle disease virus’, ‘respiratory’, ‘intestinal’ and ‘mucosal immunity’. Out of the 34,142 results, only 28 articles were suitable according to inclusion and exclusion criteria and were used for data extraction. Results showed that innate immunity was the most affected parameter when exposed to NDV infections, however, the role of respiratory and intestinal mucosal immunity against NDV infection remains widely uncharted. In conclusion, the role of the sub-components of respiratory and intestinal mucosal immunity toward NDV infection may become one of the determinant factors of protection for the chickens.

Meat Quality Characteristics of IPB-D1 Chicken and the Final Stock from Different Locations

The increasing demand for animal protein encourages innovations development of new livestock types or breeds.  IPB-D1 chicken is an improved local chicken for their productivity.  Its rearing was carried out in Sukabumi and Bekasi Regency.  Physical, chemical, and microbiological quality testing of IPB-D1 chicken meat was carried out at the Integrated IPTP Laboratory and the Microbiology Laboratory of Livestock Products, and organoleptic testing was carried out in the Organoleptic Room, both of the Faculty of Animal Husbandry, IPB University.  The research was carried out from February to June 2022.  The scope of this research includes chicken rearing at two locations and sampling that aims to test the physical, chemical, microbiological, and organoleptic quality.  The chickens tested were the IPB-D1 Sukabumi chicken, IPB-D1 Bekasi chicken, IPB-D1 final stock Sukabumi chicken, IPB-D1 Bekasi final stock chicken, and Kampong, Sentul, and broiler chickens, which consist of 15 chickens each.  At each location, sampling was carried out 10 times as a replication.  The sampling technique used is simple random sampling.  The results showed that the quality of IPB-D1 chicken meat and its Final Stock did not have a significant difference (P0.05) in physical quality aspects such as pH and water holding capacity (WHC) but had a significant difference (P0.05) in cooking loss and tenderness than Kampong, Sentul, and broilers.  Meanwhile, the chemical quality of IPB-D1 broilers and their final stock showed significantly different results (P0.05) in the fat content of the meat.  As for the parameters of ash content, protein, minerals, and cholesterol showed no significant difference (P0.05).  Microbiological quality analysis in the form of total bacterial colonies (total plate count) of IPB-D1 broilers and its Final Stock was 105 CFU/g.  These results are still within the Maximum Microbial Contamination Limits set by the Indonesian National Standardization Agency in 2009.  Based on the results of this study, it is necessary to improve handling methods, hygienic packaging, and sanitation so that the quality of broilers can be improved and microbial contamination can be minimized

Rumen Fermentation Profiles of Protein-Energy Synchronization Index-Based Ration: an In Vitro Study

The study examined the effect of protein-energy synchronization (PES) index-based rations on the rumen fermentation profile. The material used was the Jawa Randu goat's rumen fluid, collected soon after the goat was slaughtered. The treatment ration consisted of elephant grass, lamtoro (Leucaena leucocephala), coconut meal, tofu waste, bran, cassava waste, and mineral mix arranged based on the PES index of each feed ingredient. The research was conducted in vitro using a completely randomized design (CRD). The treatment consisted of 4 PES indexes, namely 0.55 (R1); 0.6 (R2); 0.65 (R3); 0.7 (R4), and each had 5 replications. Data were analyzed by ANOVA and orthogonal polynomials (OP). The results of the ANOVA showed that the PES index did not affect the production of acetate (C2) and butyrate (C4) but had a highly significant effect on dry matter digestibility (DMD), organic matter digestibility (OMD), pH, a total of volatile fatty acids (VFA), propionate (C3), C2:C3 ratio, methane (CH4), ammonia (NH3), and microbial protein synthesis (MPS). The analysis of OP showed a quadratic effect on all variables with the equation Y= - 81.601X2 + 375.04X – 310.78  (DMD), Y= -433.69X2 + 522.69X – 128.75 (OMD), Y=-44X2 + 54.04X – 9.9 (pH), Y= -2160X2 + 2576.8X – 604.2 (VFA Total), Y= -481.8X2 + 585.01X – 143.45 (C3), Y = 50.93X2 – 60.177X + 21.067 (C2:C3), Y = 202.45X2 – 223.18X + 103.41 (CH4), Y= 436X2 – 552.28X + 181.08 (NH3), dan Y= -1012X2 + 1260X – 311.64 (MPS). Protein-energy synchronization (PES) index of 0.6 achieved the best rumen fermentability. The formulation of the PES index-based ration of 0.6 had the most effective compared to other indexes based on the high of propionate, the lowest methane, the lowest NH3, and the best microbial protein synthesis. The ration with an index of 0.6 is composed of 30% elephant grass, 30% Leucaena leucocephala, 10% coconut meal, 10% tofu waste, 10% rice brand, 9% cassava waste, and 1% mineral mix

The 84-bp Indel Polymorphism of The Sterol Regulatory Element-Binding Protein 1 (SREBP1) Gene in Several Cattle Breeds in Indonesia

Sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1 (SREBP1) gene is a gene that encodes SREBP1, a family of transcription factors that have a key role in lipid homeostasis as well as fatty acid metabolisms. The present study aimed to detect the 84-bp indel polymorphism in the intron 5 of the SREBP1 gene (84-bp indel) in several cattle breeds in Indonesia.  A total of 740 cattle of six breeds (Limousin, Simmental, Holstein-Friesian, Bali, Sumbawa, and Pasundan) from two National Artificial Insemination Centers (NAICs) and smallholder farmers were used in this study. The detection of 84-bp indel polymorphism was performed using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method and visualized through a gel agarose electrophoresis system. The study showed that the L allele (insertion-type) was common and is fixed in Holstein-Friesian, Bali, and Sumbawa cattle (1.00). Meanwhile, the S allele (deletion-type) was found in Limousin, Simmental, and Pasundan cattle with a frequency of 0.24, 0.16, and 0.01, respectively. The presence of the S allele in Pasundan cattle was only found in the form of the heterozygous LS genotype (0.03). In conclusion, the 84-bp indel of the SREBP1 gene was found to be polymorphic in Limousin, Simmental, and Pasundan cattle, but monomorphic in Holstein-Friesian, Bali, and Sumbawa cattle