Inclusion of Pashto in ‘O’Level Cambridge Education

The purpose of this study is to present the argument of  including Pashto Language in ‘O’ Level Cambridge University International Examinations System (CIE.)Major objectives of the study were to highlight the significance  of imparting  education  to the students in their  mother tongue and using mother language as medium of instructions in school. It was also to describe the conspicuous features of ‘O’ Level (CIE) education and the importance of language in this internationally recognized education system. The argument for the inclusion of Pashto was  delimited to  General Certificate of Education (GCSE) and International General Certificate of Education (IGCSE) ‘O’ Level (CIE) and was particularly restricted to the University of Cambridge International Examinations System (CIE). This study recommended that Pashto language should be included in GCE and IGCE ‘O’ Level CIE in the optional modern regional languages for Pashto speaking students across the globe. Due to its international importance,it was also recommended that Pashto language has the potential to be included and taught as modern regional language in CIE

Review of different approaches for optimal performance of multi-processors

We reviewed the literature used for optimal performance of multi-processor, we study different approaches in this paper. They include rate monotonic, deadline monotonic, and Earliest deadline first Algorithm. These approaches are basically used for real time scheduling systems .The problem of inconsistencies occurring in these algorithms such as those tasks whose task period is less but if not executed does not matter and whenever they are scheduled under rate monotonic scheduling algorithm the time consumed by CPU in scheduling the tasks is spent unnecessarily

British Colonialism in Qajarid Iran and its Impact on Islam and Muslim

With the advent of Islam and Islamization of Iran, it remained united under the Pious, Umayyad and early Abbasid Caliphate. With the disintegration of the Muslim World many dynasties and petty principalities were established in Iran. Finally it got completely unified by the founder of the Safavid dynasty in 1501 under Shi’ism and Iran obtained a separate identity. This unification continued under Qajar (1779 – 1925), Pahlavid (1925 – 1979) and the modern rule, started in 1979, known as “Islamic Republic of Iran”. As it was the period of western colonization and various Muslim countries came under European powers, Iran also came under the influence of these foreign powers especially the British and the Russians. While the Qajars were ruling Iran these countries not only put their impact on it and its people but also interfered the affairs of the country, got various concession and exploited its resources. It’s worth mentioning that Britain always played a diplomatic role in Iran by signing treaties to get more and more concessions. On the other hand, Russia being a neighbour of Iran many times adopted the aggressive policy and conquered its various areas in Central Asia. Nasir al- Din Shah was able than others but the influence of Britain and Russia increased over Iran during his regime. It is worthy to mention that Britain, despite of disobeying the agreements at several times, got more concessions than Russia. The concessions included the construction of telegraph from London to India through Iran in 1870, the building of railways in 1872, the control over the mines in 1872, the establishment of Imperial Bank of Persia in 1889, the payments received from custom and excise duties, the monopoly over tobacco in 1890, the Oil concessions in 1901 and others. This may also be termed as “The British Imperialism” in Iran. These concessions and imperialism created unrest among the Iranians as they directly affected the people. As a result many movements started against the Qajars. The tobacco and the constitutional movements are of importance. Under the pressure of the constitutionalists an assembly called ‘Majlis’ was formed in 1906 having the representation of all sections of the society. This ‘Majlis’ not only curbed the powers of the then Qajari ruler, Muzaffar al- Din Shah but also passed the laws in the interest of the country. Though the constitution movement ended in 1910, it paved the way for the establishment of Pahlavid dynasty in 1925 and later for the Islamic revolution of 1979

Computer Network Protocols Convergence Under Secure and Non Secure Environment

Routing protocols play an important role in the design of an efficient network. These routingprotocols include security issues i.e. false packet injections, routing table poisoning etc. In the last decade, a lot of research has been done in improving the security of these routing protocols. In this paper, we have compared Enhances Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP) andOpen Shortest Path First(OSPF) routing protocols in secure and non-secure scenarios. Main focus is to estimate the overall behavior of routing protocols after establishing correlation among them and on the basis of convergence under secure and non-secureenvironment. The comparison result shows that OSPF has better performance in both secure and non-secure scenarios

Design and Implementation of an Autonomous Car for Navigation in Unknown Enviornments

The paper describes the design and development of an intelligent autonomous vehicle that can navigate without human operator in unknown environments. We have interfaced to AT89C52 microcontroller with the ultrasonic sensors and GPS receiver for easy access to the destination by avoiding the obstacles in its way at low level. A camera is interfaced to pc for lanes’ identification and road following task at higher level. The designed vehicle has modular structure and more modules can be added without much complexity. The experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed design

Verification of Identifier and Reserved word of Lexical Analyzer Using Z Notation

In this paper, we formalize the lexical analysis into a Z specification for verifying it in Z tool. Lexical analyzer is described as automata, further, we write the specification of it using an integration of automata and Z. This gives formal approach which can leads to its correctness. In this paper, we present the development and verification of a generic and simple lexical analyzer which is obtained from the integration of automata and Z-notations