Insecticidal effects of Rosmarinus officinalis essential oil on Pristiphora abietina larvae

Today, Pristiphora abietina is known worldwide as an essential forest pest damaging spruce needles. Essential oils are of increasing interest because of the increased risk of chemical contamination with synthetic pesticides to control pests. The chemical constituents of essential oils of flowers and leaves of Rosmarinus officinalis were produced with steam distillation in Clevenger apparatus in this study. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) were used to analyse the oil and to identify 38 components that represent 99.80 % of the total oil, with alpha-Pinene (27.02%), 1.8-Cineole (25.1%), Camphor (13.11%), Borneol (6.43%), and Linalool (4.27%). The essential oil of R. officinalis was applied with as 10, 15, and 20 mu L/petri to determine the larvicidal efficacy and Lethal Dose (LD) toxicity of R. officinalis essential oil on P. abietina larvae in the laboratory. Deaths were observed at different proportions at R. officinalis essential oil applications at 10, 15, and 20 mu L/Petri doses at 24th, 48th, 72nd and 96th hours on four instar larvae of P. abietina (38.3-100%). According to LD50 and LD90 values, the highest toxicity was found as L1 (0.63 mu l/larvae), and the lowest toxicity was found as L4 (10.94 mu l/ larvae). As a result, rosemary essential oil showed high toxicity against L-1 and L-2 instar larvae of P. abietina

The effects of GA3 and storage time on the germination of Epigaea gaultherioides (Ericaceae) seeds

Turkey is a country with diverse plant species and has significant potential in landscape planning. Epigaea gaultherioides (Boisse et Bal.) Takht. is a relic of the Black Sea (Euxine) province, aesthetic, and functional species indigenous to Northeastern Turkey and under the threat of extinction. The species should be cultured to ensure the permanence of the species with ex situ methods and employed in landscape planting design. The present study aimed to determine the effects of gibberellic acid (GA3) and cold storage time on seed germination performance in E. gaultherioides. Cold storage was applied to the seeds at +4°C for 16 and 28 months and subsequently the seeds were soaked in GA3 (0, 100, 500 and 1,000 ppm) solutions for 24 hours. The findings indicated that E. gaultherioides seeds that were not treated with GA3 solutions did not germinate. However, it was determined that germination was low in seeds treated with 500 ppm GA3, and 80% of the seeds germinated when treated with cold storage at 25°C (24 h dark) for 16 months. The ANOVA revealed that there were statistically significant differences between germination percentage and mean germination times for various gibberellic acid doses and cold storage – time processes

An Experımental Study On The Thermal Effıcıency Of An Aır-To-Aır Heat Exchanger Wıth Ethylene Glycol (Eg)-Based Hybrıd Nanofluıd Al2o3 + Tio2

The purpose of this study is to improve the thermal performance of air-to-air heat recovery units containing heat pipes and utilizing single Al2O3/EG and TiO2/EG and hybrid Al2O3 + TiO2/EG (50:50) nanofluids as various working fluids. In the experimental setup, 15 wickless and vacuumed copper pipes with a length of 100 cm, an inner diameter of 10.5 mm, and an outer diameter of 12 mm were used. Heat pipe portions of 450 mm, 400 mm, and 150 mm constitute the evaporator zone, condenser zone, and the adiabatic zone, respectively. In the experimental studies, 1/3 of the evaporator volumes of the heat pipes were filled with working fluids. The experiments were conducted by applying three different heating powers (500 W, 1000 W, and 1500 W) to the evaporator section and three different air mass flow rates (n(21) = 125 g/s, n(22) = 175 g/s, and n(23) = 215 g/s) to the condenser section. The values of thermal efficiency and thermal resistance were calculated to compare the values of single and hybrid nanofluids utilized in the system. The results indicated that single and hybrid nanofluids are more efficient than EG under all different conditions. A maximum efficiency of 82% was acquired at 1500 W and a mass flow rate of n(23) = 215 g/s by utilizing the hybrid nanofluids Al2O3 + TiO2/EG (50:50). Furthermore, it was observed all the nanofluids facilities reduced thermal resistance of heat pipes. This thus generated an improvement in the quantity of heat transfer. Under 1500 W and n(23) = 215 g/s mass flow rate conditions a maximum of 53.71% reduction in thermal resistance was also achieved by means of hybrid nanofluids

Comparison of previously injured body regions in elite freestyle and Greco-Roman wrestlers

The aim of this study was to compare the injured body regions that elite Freestyle and Greco-Roman wrestlers suffered from and to determine the importance of injuries. 41 Freestyle and 51 Greco-Roman wrestlers, who were practicing in Turkish National Wrestling Team camps, participated in this study. 'Chi Square' and student t tests were used in statistical analyses. When examined injury status and body regions distribution between Freestyle and Greco-Roman wrestlers, significant difference was found in head and trunk injuries according to wrestling styles (p0.05). There was significant difference in trunk and upper extremity injuries with respect to weight category (p0,05). Es gab signifikante Unterschiede bei Verletzungen des Rumpfes und der oberen Extremitäten in Bezug auf die Gewichtsklasse (p<0,05 und p<0,001). Ein signifikanter Unterschied wurde auch bei Nasenverletzungen nach Wrestling-Stilen festgestellt (p<0,05). Bei der Untersuchung des Wrestling-Stils und der Verletzungen der oberen Extremitäten gemäß der Anzahl der Verletzungen wurde ein signifikanter Unterschied zwischen zwei Stilen bei Muskelverletzungen, Finger- und Handgelenksverletzungen, festgestellt (p<0,05). Der Unterschied zwischen Zehenverletzungen in Bezug auf den Wrestling-Stil war statistisch signifikant (p<0,05). Ergebnisse: Griechisch-römische Wrestler erlitten im Vergleich zu Freestyle-Wrestlern mehr Verletzungen an Rumpf, Kopf und Nase. Verletzungen des Rumpfes, der unteren und oberen Extremitäten variierten je nach Gewichtsklasse. Nacken-, Rücken-, Lenden- und Brustverletzungen waren bei griechisch-römischen Wrestlern häufiger. Freestyle-Wrestler waren anfälliger für Muskelverletzungen, während griechisch-römische Wrestler anfälliger für Finger- und Handgelenksverletzungen waren. Es wird empfohlen, einige Fähigkeiten wie aerobe Kraft, Kraft, Gleichgewicht und neuromotorische Koordination beim Wrestling hervorragend zu verbessern. Die Techniken sollten den Wrestlern gut beigebracht werden, die meisten riskanten Extremitäten für Verletzungen müssen zusätzlich trainiert werden und diese Extremitäten sollten während des Trainings durch mehrere Bänder, Bandagen oder Zahnräder vor Verletzungen geschützt werden. Freestyle-Wrestler sollten beim Tauchen vorsichtiger sein. Die Verwendung von Gehörschutz zusätzlich zu vorbeugenden Maßnahmen kann während des Trainings empfohlen werden, um temporale Knochenbrüche und Schwellungen zu verhindern

Development of visual-spatial ability test (VSAT) for primary school children: ıts reliability and validity

The purpose of the present research is to develop a visual-spatial ability test (VSAT) for primary school children. Visual-spatial abilities allow processing of information about an object in terms of shape, colour, texture, perspective, and rotation. The visual-spatial test includes items-tasks for the participants to process information about texture, colour, shape and perspective. A total of 196 primary school children participated in the research. The data were analysed through Rasch analysis and item-response theory. Findings proved that VSAT yields reliable and valid results for assessing the visual-spatial ability of primary school children

In Vitro Cytotoxicity of Methano[1,2,4]Triazolo-[1,5-C][1,3,5]Benzoxadiazocine Derivatives and Their Effects on Nitrite and Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) Levels

Biological activity of the Biginelli type heterocycles is extremely broad and provides a suitable platform for the discovery of potent small drug-like molecules. Such activity of 3,4-dihydropyrimidin-2(1H)-one (DHPM) derivatives is widely known, whereas their oxygen-bridged analogs, benzoxadiazocines, are presented quite rarely in the literature. In this study, a series of new methano[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-c][1,3,5]benzoxadiazocine derivatives (3a-3j) were evaluated in vitro for their activities and molecular docking features. According to the molecular docking study, COX-2 and PGE(2)S appeared as likely targets responsible for the reduced PGE(2) levels caused by the title compounds. The cytotoxicity of compounds 3a-3g, 3j was evaluated on RAW 264.7 murine macrophage cell line by MTT assay after treatment for 24 h with various doses (25, 50, 100 mu M) of these compounds. Then, compounds admitting cell viability higher than 70% were tested for their anti-inflammatory activity at non-toxic doses by evaluating the nitrite level of cell supernatants with the Griess reagent. Compounds 3c and 3f demonstrated significant inhibition of nitrite production (by 29 and 25%, respectively) at 100 mu M (p < 0.05). These compounds significantly inhibited PGE(2) production, thus suggesting analgesic activity

Determination of deadwood amount in pure and mixed caucasian spruce stands: A case study of Velikoy Forest Enterprise and Karagol-Sahara National Park

15.10.2022 tarihine kadar kullanımı yazar tarafından kısıtlanmıştır.Bu çalışmada öncelikle Şavşat-Veliköy Orman İşletme Şefliğinde işletmecilik faaliyetleri yapılan ve Karagöl-Sahara Milli Parkında korunan alanlardaki saf ve karışık Doğu Ladini (Picea orientalis (L.) Link.) meşcerelerindeki ölü odun miktarının belirlenmesi ve ölü odun miktarının bazı meşcere, fizyografik ve uzamsal-mekansal faktörlere göre değişiminin ortaya konulması amaçlanmıştır. Ayrıca bu çalışma kapsamında işletmecilik faaliyetleri yapılan ve korunan meşcerelerdeki ölü odun miktarları da karşılaştırılmıştır. Ölü ağaç değişimini etkileyen bazı meşcere, fizyografik ve uzamsal-mekansal faktörler dikkate alınarak toplamda 238 örnek alan (örnek alanların 40 m kuzeyindeki ölçümler dikkate alındığında 476 adet) alınmıştır. Her bir örnek alanda dikili, tepesi kırık, kütük ve yatık ölü ağaçların sayısı, boyutları (çap ve boyları), ölü ağaçların ayrıntılı özellikleri (ölü ağaç tipi, ölü ağaçların çürüme aşaması) ölçülmüştür. Toplam ölü odun hacminin ortalaması ve canlı meşcere hacmine oranı Veliköy Orman İşletme Şefliğinde 10.1 m3/ha ve %2.5, Karagöl-Sahara Milli Parkında ise 22.5 m3/ha ve %4.2 olarak belirlenmiştir. Veliköy Orman İşletme Şefliğindeki toplam ölü odun hacminin %29.4'ünü dikili kuru, %37.8'ini kütük ve %32.7'sini devrik kuru, Karagöl-Sahara Milli Parkında ise %47.8 dikili kuru, %22.7'si kütük ve %29.4'ünü devrik kuru teşkil ettiği belirlenmiştir. Meşcere verim gücü iyileştikçe, meşcere yaşı, meşcere sıklığı, gelişme çağı, kapalılık, yola ve yerleşim yerine uzaklık arttıkça toplam ölü odun hacminin genel olarak artış gösterdiği tespit edilmiştir. Her iki araştırma alanında da en fazla ölü odun hacmi Ladin +Göknar karışık meşcerelerinde bulunmuş olup çoğu Veliköy Orman İşletme Şefliğinde (%57.6), Karagöl-Sahara Milli Parkında (%71.0) ve her iki araştırma alanında (%67.0) az (II) ve orta (III) derecede bozulma sınıfında olduğu ortaya konulmuştur. Elde edilen verilerle bozulma ve çürümenin bir göstergesi olan ölü odun miktarının korunan alanlarda işletme ormanlarına göre daha fazla olduğu ortaya konulmuştur. Ayrıca ölü odun miktarı çeşitlendirilerek her bir kısma ait ölçüm ve değerlendirmelere de yer verilmiştir. Bu çalışmada işletmecilik faaliyetleri yapılan ve korunan ormanlardaki çürüme sınıfı dağılımındaki ölü odun hacminin değişimi, hem ağaç kesimi hem de ağaç ölümlerindeki zamansal değişimin bir göstergesini verrmesi bakımından önemi ortaya konulmuştur. Ölü odun hacminin ölü odun türlerine ve çürüme sınıflarına göre dağılımı, bir ormanın geçmişinin bir göstergesi olarak ve biyoçeşitlilik çeşitlilik fonksiyonlu orman amenajmanı planlamasında uygun ölü odun hacim oranını belirlemek için kullanılabilinecektir.In this study, firstly, it is aimed to determine the amount of deadwood in pure and mixed Caucasian spruce (Picea orientalis (L.) Link.) stands which are managed in Şavşat-Veliköy Forest Enterprise and unmanaged in Karagöl-Sahara National Park and to reveal the change in the amount of dead wood according to some stand, physiographic, and spatial spatial factors. The amount of deadwood in the stands that are managed (Veliköy Forest Enterprise) and unmanaged (Karagöl-Sahara National Park) were compared. Taking into account some stand, physiographic and spatial-spatial factors that affect the change of deadwood trees, it was taken that there were 238 sample plots (476 sample plots considering the measurements made 40 m north of the sample plots). In each sample plot, the number and dimensions (diameter and height) of deadwood trees such as standing dead trees, snags, downed dead trees, stumps, and the detailed characteristics of the deadwood trees (deadwood tree type, decay stage of deadwood trees) were measured. The results showed that the mean volume of the total deadwood volume and its ratio to live volume was 10.1 m3/ha and 2.5% in the Veliköy Forest Enterprise and 22.5 m3/ha and 4.2% in the Karagöl-Sahara National Park. The volume of standing deadwood was 3.0 m3/ha (29.5%), that of stumps was 3.8 m3/ha (37.8%), and that of lying deadwood was 3.3 m3/ha (32.7%) in the Veliköy Forest Enterprise. The total volume of dead wood consists of 47.8% (10.8 m3/ha) standing deadwood, 22.7% of stumps (5.1 m3/ha) and 29.4% (6.6 m3/ha) lying deadwood. The amount of total deadwood volume increased in relation to stand age, density, crown closure, distance to road, and distance to settlement, and the site index improved. In both management types, the highest dead wood volume is found in spruce + fir mixed stands. Most of the deadwood volume in the study area was in the weekly (second class) and medium (third class) decayed classes in Veliköy (57.6%), in Karagöl-Sahara (71.0%) and in both of them (67.0%). In this study, the variation of deadwood volume in decay class distribution in managed and protected forests gives an indication of temporal variation in tree felling and tree mortality and can be utilized as an indicator of a forest's history. The distribution of dead wood volume by dead wood types and decay classes provides an indication of the temporal variation in tree mortality and can be used to estimate the optimal deadwood volume ratio in biodiversity integrated forest management planning

Speed-related traffic accident analysis using GIS-based DBSCAN and NNH clustering

To ensure road safety and reduce traffic accidents, it is essential to determine geographical locations where traffic accidents occur the most. Spatial clustering methods of hot spots are used very effectively to detect such risky areas and take precautions to minimize or even avoid fatal or injury accidents. This study aims to determine speed-related hot spots in the pilot Mersin Region, which includes seven cities in the central-southern part of Turkey. Two different hot spot clustering methods, the Nearest Neighbourhood Hierarchical Clustering Method (NNH) and Density-Based Spatial Clustering of Applications with Noise (DBSCAN) Method, were employed to analyse traffic accident data between 2014-2021, obtained from the General Directorate of Highways. CrimeStat III program, which is free software, was used to detect NNH clusters, while the DBSCAN clusters were obtained using the open-source GIS program QGIS, which was also used to visualize and evaluate the results comparatively. As a result of the analysis, it was determined which method gave more effective results in determining the traffic accident risk clusters. These clusters were analysed based on road geometries (intersection or corridors). In addition, by considering the areas where repeated accidents have occurred over the years, future predictions of traffic accidents have been estimated

Tuzcuoğlu Memiş Ağa's Eastern Black seastruggle for Ayanlık

XVI. yüzyılın sonlarından itibaren Asya ve Avrupa'da başlayan zamanla Osmanlı Devleti'ni de etkisi altına alan büyük bir kriz olmuştur. Bu krizle beraber başta askerî alanda bunu takiben ekonomik, sosyal ve idari olarak karşılaşılan sorunlara çözüm amacıyla yeni prosedürler geliştirilmiştir. Atılan bu önemli adımlarla devlet yeni bir ekonomik politiği oluşturarak savaş masraflarını ve bütçe açıklarını timar alanlarının mukataalaştırılması, avarız vergisi ve parada tağşiş gibi farklı iktisadi araçlarla karşılamayı amaçlamıştır. Osmanlı merkez teşkilâtında yaşanılan bu değişimlerin taşra idaresine yansıması sonucu önceden de var olan ayanlar XVII. yüzyıldan itibaren daha da güçlenerek "Ayanlık Kurumu" olarak karşımıza çıkmıştır. Trabzon Eyaleti, Osmanlı Devleti için Doğu ve Batı ticaret yolunun üzerinde doğal limanlara sahip olması sebebiyle jeopolitik konumu noktasında dikkat çeken bir eyalet olma özelliği taşımaktadır. Bu bakımdan devletin taşra idaresinde öne çıkan yerel idarecilerin büyük bir boşluğu doldurmasına karşın zaman zaman devlet için tehdit unsuru olmuştur. Bu çalışmada yukarıda zikredilen değişimlerin XVII-XIX. yüzyılda Hopa, Rize ve Trabzon şehirlerine etkisi ele alınarak, bölgede idari ve ekonomik faaliyet yürüten ayanların durumu ortaya çıkarılmaya çalışılmıştır. Özelde de anılan dönemin önemli figürlerinden Hopa/Rize Ayanı Tuzcuoğlu Memiş Ağa üzerinde durulmuştur. Zira onunla ilgili yeni ortaya çıkarılan belge ve bilgilerle daha önceden değinilmemiş ya da tam olarak aydınlatılamamış bazı konular aydınlatılmıştır. Bu çerçevede mevcut literatürde Memiş Ağa'nın eşkıya olduğu algısı ortadan kaldırılarak bölgedeki idari, mali, askeri sistem içerisinde yer alan önemli bir kişi olduğu tezi işlenmiştir. Memiş Ağa'nın nasıl ve neden öldürüldüğü konusuna açıklık getirilmiş önceden bilinmeyen muhallefatına dolaylı yollardan ulaşılmıştır. Sonuç olarak konu Tuzcuoğlu Memiş Ağa üzerinden somutlaştırılarak hem merkezi yönetimin, mali, idari ve askeri anlamda, Trabzon üzerindeki denetimini yitirmediğini hem de Tuzcuoğlu Memiş Ağa'nın bölgedeki asıl rolü açıklanmıştır.XVI. There has been a great crisis that started in Asia and Europe since the end of the 19th century, which also affected the Ottoman Empire over time. Along with this crisis, new procedures have been developed in order to solve the economic, social and administrative problems, especially in the military field. With these important steps, the state created a new economic policy and aimed to meet the war expenses and budget deficits with different economic instruments such as mukataaization of timar areas, avarız tax and debasement in money. It has emerged as the “Ayanlık Institution” by getting stronger since the 19th century. Trabzon Province is a remarkable state for the Ottoman Empire in terms of its geopolitical position, as it has natural harbors on the East and West trade routes. In this respect, although the local administrators who came to the fore in the provincial administration of the state filled a big gap, they were a threat to the state from time to time. By examining the effect on Hopa, Rize and Trabzon cities in the 19th century, the situation of the notables who carried out administrative and economic activities in the region was tried to be revealed. In particular, one of the important figures of the period mentioned, Hopa/Rize Ayani Tuzcuoğlu Memiş Ağa is emphasized. Because, with the newly uncovered documents and information about him, some issues that have not been mentioned before or have not been fully clarified have been clarified. In this context, the perception that Memiş Ağa is a bandit in the existing literature has been removed and the thesis that he is an important person in the administrative, financial and military system in the region has been processed. The issue of how and why Memiş Ağa was killed has been clarified, and the previously unknown opposition has been reached indirectly. As a result, the subject has been embodied through Tuzcuoğlu Memiş Ağa, and both the central government has not lost its control over Trabzon in financial, administrative and military terms and the main role of Tuzcuoğlu Memiş Ağa in the region has been explained

Income generating species and their contribution to local people in Mersin region

Dünyada olduğu gibi ülkemizde de gelir getirici türlerin öneminin kavranmasına paralel olarak kullanım alanı ve yoğunluğu her geçen gün artmaktadır. Oduna dayalı üretime kıyasla daha az fiziksel güç ve aktivite gerektirmesi, finansal fayda açısından daha verimli olması ve aynı zamanda iklim dostu bir faaliyet olması gibi avantajları gelir getirici türlerin öneminin kavranmasına katkı sağlamaktadır. Bu çalışmada, Mersin Orman İşletme Müdürlüğü sınırları içerisinde envanteri yapılan gelir getirici türlerin tespiti ile bu türlerin orman köylüsü üzerindeki sosyo- kültürel ve sosyo-ekonomik etkilerinin ortaya konulması amaçlanmıştır. Çalışma büro ve anket çalışması olarak iki farklı aşamada gerçekleştirilmiştir. Büro çalışması kapsamında çalışma alanı içerisindeki orman köylerinin belirlenmesi ve envanteri yapılan gelir getirici türlerin tespiti çalışmaları OGM kayıtlarından elde edilmiş olup, anket çalışmasına altlık olarak kullanılmıştır. Mersin Orman İşletme Müdürlüğü sınırları içerisinde kalan toplam 28 adet orman köyden 24'ünde envanteri yapılan 12 adet gelir getirici tür için rastgele 224 kişi ile anket çalışması yapılmıştır. Anket uygulamasına katılan köylülerin %67,4'ü erkek ve %32,6'sı kadınlar, yaş aralığı bakımından en çok katılımı %39,3'ünü 46-65 yaş aralığı ve en az katılım ise %11,2 ile 18-25 yaş aralığı, aylık ortalama gelirleri bakımdan ise en çok %58,9'u 1000- 2000 TL aralığında iken en az ise %1,8'le 5000 ve üstü aralığı geliri oluşturmaktadır. Yöre halkına en çok katkı yapan türler; Kekik, Zeytin, Keçiboynuzu ve Defne'dir. Horozlu köyü köyler arasından gelir getirici türlerden en çok gelir elde eden köydür. Gelir getirici türler Türkiye'nin kırsal ve ulusal ekonomisinde önemli bir rol oynamaktadır.In parallel with the understanding of the importance of income-generating species in our country, as in the world, the area of use and density are increasing day by day. Compared to wood-based production, its advantages such as requiring less physical strength and activity, being more efficient in terms of financial benefits and being a climate-friendly activity contribute to the understanding of the importance of income-generating species. In this study, it is aimed to determine the income-generating species that are inventoried within the boundaries of Mersin Forestry Management Directorate and to reveal the socio-cultural and socio-economic effects of these species on the forest villager. The study was carried out in two different stages as office and survey study. Within the aim of the office study, the determination of the forest villagers in the study area and the determination of the income generating species were obtained from the OGM records and were used as a base for the survey study. A survey was conducted with 224 people randomly for 12 pieces inventoried income generating type in 24 of 28 pieces' forest village within the borders of Mersin Forestry Management Directorate. 67.4% of the villagers participating in the survey are men and 32.6% are women, in terms of age range, the highest participation is 39.3% in the age range of 46-65 and the least participation is between the ages of 11.2% and 18-25. In terms of age range and monthly average income, most 58.9% of them are in the range of 1000-2000 TL, while the least 1.8% is in the income range of 5000 and above. The species that contribute the most to the local people are; Thyme, Olive, Carob and Laurel. The village of Horozlu is the village that earns the most income from income generating species among the villages. Income generating species play an important role in Turkey's rural and national economy