HERBAL REMEDIES - QUALITY CONTROL REQUIREMENTS AND GOOD MANUFACTURING PRACTICE

The use of medicinal plants is significant, especially in developing countries where traditional medicine is an integral part of the formal health care system, while in the developed countries in Europe and all over the World, developed the concept of a rational phytotherapy. Although herbal medicines are in use for centuries, standards and requirements of their control, from year to year are becoming stricter and on higher level. It is important to understand the issues of control and production of this type of drugs, ranging from specific raw materials to finished products. In this paper we report how have introduced regulations to control production of herbal medicines in order to induce improvement and development. It is important to note that the same approach to production and quality control should be applied to herbal medicines and traditional herbal remedies. The aim of this text is to emphasize the importance of herbal medicines in the world and in our country since they still represent an inexhaustible source of new scientific knowledge. Their importance for pharmacological research and drug development not only for the active herbal ingredients which are used as they are for therapeutic purposes, but also because they represent a starting material for the synthesis of drugs or as models for the production of new, pharmacologically active substances

USES OF CORIANDER (Coriandrum sativum L.)

All parts of the plant are edible, but the dried seeds (Coriandri fructus), fresh leaves (Coriandri folium) and aerial parts of plant (Coriandri herba) are the most common used. A seeds is used like powdered, dry extract, tea, tincture, decoction or infusion, leaf as vegetable or spice, and aerial parts for distilation of essential oil.Medicinal benefits: In folk medicine, the seeds of coriander are used as an aromatic, carminative, stomachic, antispasmodic and against gastrointestinal complains such as dyspepsia, flatulance and gastralgia. It is often recomanded for insomnia and anxiety. Seed is also used as an analgetic and antirheumatic agent. This plant is also used like anthelmintic for Ascaris lumbricoides and Pheretima posthuma. Its use is recommended for healing urinary system, ie uretritis, cistitis and urinary tract infection. It has also been used in heavy metal detoxification. Pharmacological studies have demonstrated antibacerial and antifungal properties. This sdudies indicatet that coriander revealed a significant scope to develop a novel broad spectrum of antibacterial herbal formulation, and have potential for new natural nantifungal formulation. Essential oil and seed extracts from coriander have been shown to possess antioxidant, antidiabetic, anticancerous and antimutagenic properties, and plays a protective role against the deleterious effects on lipid metabolism.Nutritional uses: The dried fruits or seed are used as a condiment in pickle spices, seasonings, curry powders, sausages, cakes, pastries, biscuits, buns. It was suggested that addition of coriander to food would increase the antioxidant content and may have potential as a natural antioxidant and thus inhibit unwanted oxidation processes.Healing animals: In fish fed mixture is used because of detoxification efect and immunostimulant activity. Treatment with coriander extract helps sheep and goat to reduct worms (Haemonochus contortus), and dietary supplementation in broiler and japanese quail is good growth and helth promoter.Non food industry: Coriander essential oil is used in parfumery and in tobaco industry, but it also showed activity against stored-product betle pests. Fatty oil from coriander seed is new source for biodisel fuel

ANALYSIS OF Ca, Mg, Fe, AND Zn CONTENTS IN ABOVEGROUND BIOMASS OF WILD NETTLE (URTICA DIOCA L.)

This work represents a research of Ca, Mg, Fe and Zn contents in fresh aboveground biomass of wild nettle. The samples of wild nettle were collected from different localities in South Banat during 2008. year. Investigations included three localities with different soil types: chernozem with signs of gley in loess (Starčevo), marsh dark soil (Ivanovo) and alluvium soil (Dubovac). Laboratory determinations of Ca, Mg, Fe and Zn were carried out by atomic absorption spectrophotometric (AAS) techniques. The contents of chemical elements were compared with recent investigations in order to confirme the importance of nettle cultivation for production different types products. The highest values of Ca (890 mg 100 g-1) and Zn (10,02 mg 100 g-1) were obtained in samples of wild nettle which were collected from marsh dark soil. The highest values of Mg (124 mg 100 g-1) and Fe (49,13 mg 100 g-1)  were determined in plants from chernozem with signs of gley in loess. The significant contents of chemical elements in wild nettle biomass have not only economic but also a great ecological significance as evidenced by its place in organic agriculture

EFFECTS OFYIELD BIOSTIMULANTS ON ABOVE-GROUND BIOMASS OF BASIL (Ocimum basilicumL.)TO DIFFERENT TYPES OFLANDS

The influence of Epin-extra and cirkon biostimulators in the above-ground biomass yield varieties of basil “sitnolisni”. Research was conducted on three soil types humogley, chernozem and brown forest. The experiment was based direct sowing of seeds on the model completely randomized block design with four replications. Epin- extra first application was the extra dose of 50 ml/ha at the time of basil plant growth (height 20 cm). Another application is in the dose was 40 ml/ha at the stage before flowering plants. The first application of cirkon in the dose was 30 ml/ha at the time of plant growth (height 20 cm). Another application is in the dose was 40 ml/ha at flowering stage of the plant basil. The third option was no application biostimulators and control variant. The highest yield of above-ground biomass basil was achieved on the chernozem soil, and the lowest on the type of soil in the marsh soil. In the variant with cirkon biostimulator achieved very significantly higher above-ground biomass yield of basil varieties with biostimulator epi-extra and control variant

TAXONOMIC CLASSIFICATION SPECIES Carlina L, WITH EMPHASIS ON THE SPECIES REPRESENTED IN THE FLORA SERBIAN

According to Erg. B. 6, C. acaulis, is the biological source of Carlinae radix. The root is traditionally used in the treatment ofcatarrh of upper respiratory tract, as diuretic, stomachic, diaphoretic and tonic. Externally it was used for the treatment of different skin conditions. Though not described in any modern pharmacopoeia, C. radix is present in the modern market of medicinal plants. Drug on domestic and international markets only partly come from the species C. acaulis, and in major part from the species of C. acanthifolia. Recent studies have shown that because of the very similar chemical compositions of C. acaulisand C. acanthifolia root essential oils and their respective methanol root and herb extracts, they exhibit similar pharmacological activities (antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and gastroprotective).The taxonomic classification of the genus is very interesting. The Serbian Flora lists three Carlina species: C. acaulis L., C. utzka Hacq. (C. acanthifolia All.)andC. vulgaris L. The first two species are biological sources of the drug Carlinae radix, while C.vulgaris has no importance in the traditional medicine. Genus Carlina in the European Flora, is divided into two subgenus (Lyrolepis and Carlina), which include 13 species with many subspecies.According Meusel and Kästner, genus includes five subgenus (Carlowizia, Lyrolepis, Mitina, Heracantha and Carlina) with 28 species. In the Serbian Flora infraspecific classification of C. acaulis is not shown. According to the European flora the species includes two subspecies: ssp. acaulis i ssp. simplex. According to Meusel-Kästner the species C. acaulis is divided into: ssp. acaulis (var. acaulis, var. alpina), ssp. caulescens. Our flora does not indicate infraspecific classification of C. utzka Hacq. (syn. C. acanthifolia All.). According to the Flora of Europe, C. acanthifolia,isdivided into: ssp. acanthifolia (C. utzka) and ssp. cynara, and Meusel and Kästner: ssp. acanthifolia, ssp. utzka and ssp. cynara. According the literature mentioned above the classification of C.vulgaris is diferent. Based on the morpho-anatomical characteristics of the genus Carlina represented in our flora (C. acaulis, C. utzka, C. vulgaris), they can be easily and reliably differentiated

QUALITY TESTINGOF CHAMOMILEESSENTIAL OIL Chamomillarecutita(L.)Rausch.,VARIETY BANATSKA, IN COMPARISON TO REQUIREMENTS OF THE EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA AND ISO STANDARD

Essential oil of chamomile [Chamomilla recutita (L.) Rausch. syn. Matricaria chamomilla L., Asteraceae], also known as oil of German or Hungarian chamomile, is obtained by steam distillation of fresh (or partially dried) flowers and stems. Depending on various factors, essential oil yield ranges from 0.3 to 1.0%. The oil is usually clear, blue, viscous liquid, with intense, heavy scent of chamomile herbal and bitter-aromatic flavor. The essential oil contains a variety of pharmacologically active substances, where α-bisabolol, its oxides, chamazulene spiroethers and certainly the most important. It is used in the production and standardization of certain pharmaceutical and cosmetic products. This paper presents the results of the chemical analysis of essential oils of chamomile, variety Banatska, received at the facility for the extraction and distillation of the Institute for Medicinal Plant Research "Dr Josif Pančić". The oil analysis is carried out using gas chromatography (GC/ FID) and gas chromatography / mass spectrometry (GC/ MS). The essential oil had the highest content of trans-b-farnesene  (46.69%), while the α-bisabolol and its oxides, azulene and chamazulene were found to be more than 1%. Itwas fortified that the chemical profile of the oil is not liable to Ph Eur 6.0. nor ISO 19332 standard

CONTENTOF POLYPHENOLICSUBSTANCES IN WILD FRUITSOFRASPBERRIES, BLACKBERRIES ANDSTRAWBERRIES ORIGINATED FROM BJELASICA, MONTENEGRO

This paper describes the effects of altitude on the content of polyphenolic compounds in the wild berry fruits. Berries are known as a good source of polyphenols, which contribute to the high antioxidant activity. Epidemiological studies have shown a correlation between a high intake of polyphenolic compounds and reduced risk of cardiovascular diseases, as well as beneficial effects on some types of cancer and neurodegenerative diseases like Alcheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. During the research three types of berries (raspberries, blackberries and strawberries), collected at different altitudes in the Montenegro’smountain Bjelasica, were analyzed.  The contents of total phenolics, total anthocyanins, cyanidine and elagic acid were determined. The highest content of total phenolics, total anthocyanins and cyanidine was detected in fruits of wild blackberries, raspberries and strawberries, which were collected from higher elevations, while in the case of elagicacid, certain higher content of the fruits that grow at lower altitudes

Trends of Serbian medicinal and aromatic plants market

Favourable agro-ecological conditions, high biodiversity and tradition in MAP wild collection and production, are all elements of comparative advantage of Serbian MAP market. Despite possession of all capacities for MAP processing, the most dominant trend in Serbia is still turn-over of MAP row materials, while the export of final products is almost neglectable. Now days, Serbia owns prerequisite MAP processing equipment, human resources and institutions that may support MAP sector and improve MAP market, and these resources are potential that is still not used adequately. Up to the last decade of the pervious century, Serbia was positioned as the greatest MAP exporter at European market. Today, market trends appeared to be completely different for our country. The aim of this paper is to represent potentials and trends of MAP sector in Serbia