НОВАЯ ВЫСЕВАЮЩАЯ СИСТЕМА ДЛЯ ДИФФЕРЕНЦИРОВАННОГО ВНЕСЕНИЯ МИНЕРАЛЬНЫХ УДОБРЕНИЙ

The existing sowing systems (SS) of machines for fertilizers application not fully provide quality of introduction of mineral fertilizers. Unevenness and instability of application reach 20-40 percent at demanded to 15 percent. The SS equipped with glow coil of original design was offered for ensuring necessary quality of mineral fertilizers distribution across the field at their intra soil differentiated introduction. Flow rate of SS was regulated with the help of the executive mechanism with the linear actuator and a reducer modified for work with the block of control and management according to the prescription map. Researches were conducted on purpose: estimating of operability of new SS, with the new drive for change of frequency of rotation of the coil; establishments of functional dependences between flow rate of SS, i.e. ability to provide its necessary range of change of doses at the differentiated introduction of fertilizers; estimates of quality of work of experimental SS for the differentiated introduction of mineral fertilizers. Researches were carried out both in laboratory and field conditions. Functional dependence of flow rate of SS on number of turns of coils is received. It is established also that flow rate of SS directly depends on percent of opening of the actuator and frequency of rotation of the sowing coil. The minimumtime of transfer from one to other dose equals 0.9 seconds. It is established that at SS with the three experimental coil devices unevenness of seeding between devices makes 4.5 persent. Instability of seeding does not exceed 3 persent. The maximum values of unevenness of seeding between 3 sowing devices and instability of seeding between replications are received when opening of the actuator was 40 persent, and frequency of rotation - 22 rpm, which nevertheless, also meet requirements for the sowing systems

ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ ПРОЦЕССОВ СУШКИ КЛУБНЕЙ ТОПИНАМБУРА при РАЗЛИЧНЫх СПОСОБАх ЭНЕРГОПОДВОДА

Topinambur is a valuable vegetable, fodder and medical crop. A medical preparation inulin is contained in it and reach about 80 percent of the dry matter content. Drying is considered as the most effective method of preservation of tubers. Influence of convective, infrared and microwave topinambur tubers drying ways on the content of the total and reducing sugars, and also energy consumption of these methods is investigated. Convective drying of tubers was carried out on laboratory machine at a temperature of 60 degrees Celsius. The FD-230 facility (Japan) was used for infrared drying of tubers. Drying under the influence of microwave radiation was carried out in the microwave machine VT-1650 with a power of 140 W at heating by not higher than 60 degrees. It is established that high specific energy consumption, worked out 1.6-2.5 kilowatt-hour per kilogram, big heat losses belong to shortcomings of a convective drying. During infrared drying moisture removal is possibly at a low temperature (40-60 degrees Celsius) that enables to keep natural color, taste and aroma, and also vitamins, biologically active agents at the level of 80-90 percent from initial raw materials. This technology renders possible to use practically for 100 percent the delivered energy and to get high efficiency. At a microwave drying method the warming up occurs in all volume of a product. Rather low efficiency (60 percent) of transformation of energy of electric current to energy of the microwave field became limitation of this method. In this regard use of the microwave equipment is effectually at humidity lower than 50 percent

Эффективность газомоторного топлива для сельхозтехники

Expediency and efficiency of use of natural gas motor fuel (GMF) for mobile agricultural machinery is defined on the basis of alternative calculations of commercial effectiveness of use of the compressed natural gas (CNG), liquefied natural gas (LNG) and the liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) in large agricultural enterprise «Kazminskoye» in the Stavropol Territory where costs of fuel for machines and tractors make 222.5 million rubles a year. Need of field gas refueling of tractors and combines as a specifics fuel utilization by mobile agricultural machinery was considered at calculations. For an assessment of a type of GMF and influence of cost of a refueling complex on commercial effectiveness the authors have carried out comparative calculations of technical and economic efficiency of utilization of CNG, LNG and LPG, taking into account and without a refueling complex. High efficiency of GMF utilization was showed: fuel costs decrease by 1.7 times, the payback period of capital investments equals to 0.4-4.2 years. The best results were obtained when utilization LPG. Total costs of re-equipment and a refueling complex in option with LPG are 3.5 times as less as with CNG, and 6 times as less as with LNG. The payback period of capital investments for re-equipment without refueling complex equals to 0.4; 0.8 and 2.4 years respectively for LPG, CNG and LNG. Taking into account refueling means it increases to 0.9; 2.4 and 4.2 years. In 10 years the net present value taking into account refueling means equals to 276.7 million; 289.9 million and 206.8 million rubles for LPG, CNG and LNG respectively due to fleet re-equipment

УНИВЕРСАЛЬНАЯ КЛАССИФИКАЦИЯ ТРАВМАТИЧЕСКИХ ПОВРЕЖДЕНИЙ ВНУТРЕННИХ СТРУКТУР СЕМЯН СЕЛЬСКОХОЗЯЙСТВЕННЫХ КУЛЬТУР

Quality of sowing material considerably depends both on a biological condition of seeds, and on technologies and technical means applied by machine preprocessing. Thus, the caryopsides damages arising at mechanical and thermomechanical influence from working tools of machines and units have essential value. Besides damages of integrity of caryopsides covers there are traumatic changes their internal structures which are often hidden by covers and are not visible at visual inspection. The condition of internal caryopsides structures was researched by a radiographic method. Possible types of their traumatic changes were defined. Influence of the listed types of injuries on sowing qualities of seeds was estimated. It was revealed that seeds with endosperm bruising had reduced field germination rate, in comparison with intact ones, by 2.25-3.75 percent. It was defined that decrease in field germination of seeds having less than four internal cracks made 30.25-37.0 percent; for seeds with quantity of four cracks and more - respectively, 38.0-48.75 percent. It was noted that barley seeds in the first case reduced germination by the 37 percent; in the second - by 48.75 percent (for comparison, oats and wheat seeds - by 39 and 38 percent respectively). It was established that reduction of field germination by 1 percent reduces yield of spring grain crops by 1.5-2.0 percent, and winter ones - by 1.0-1.5 percent. The universal classification of traumatic damages of crops seeds internal structures was suggested

СОВЕРШЕНСТВОВАНИЕ ТЕХНОЛОГИЙ ВОЗДЕЛЫВАНИЯ ЯЧМЕНЯ С ПРИМЕНЕНИЕМ МИКРОУДОБРЕНИЙ В УСЛОВИЯХ ЦЕНТРАЛЬНОЧЕРНОЗEМНОЙ ЗОНЫ

Crops need the balanced intake of nutrients during the whole vegetative period. For ensuring plant nutrition microcells play a major role: boron, manganese, sulfur, iron, copper, zinc, molybdenum. It is possible to determine balance of need of plants for nutrients by method of functional diagnostics of a condition of chloroplast - green plastids of the plant cells, which are carrying out photosynthesis. Technologies of cultivation of agricultural cultures with application of microelement fertilizer Aquarin-15 and a plant growth biostimulant Bazik were improved. Rapid diagnostic was realized in laboratories of functional diagnostics «Aquadonis». It was established that barley seeds treatment by microfertilizer promotes increase of their germination energy and viability, and also dry matter accumulation. After seeds treatment by microfertilizer at leaf-feeding dressing the extra grain yield was equal 10-24 percent, and after seeds treatment - 10-16 percentСельскохозяйственные культуры нуждаются в сбалансированном поступлении питательных веществ на протяжении всего вегетационного периода. В обеспечении питания растений большую роль играют микроэлементы: бор, марганец, сера, железо, медь, цинк, молибден. Показали, что определить баланс потребности растений в питательных веществах возможно методом функциональной диагностики состояния хлоропластов - зеленых пластидов растительных клеток, осуществляющих фотосинтез. Усовершенствовали технологии возделывания сельхозкультур с применением микроэлементного удобрения Акварин-15 и биостимулятора роста Базик. Экспресс-диагностику проводили в лаборатории функциональной диагностики «Аквадонис». Установили, что обработка семян ячменя микроудобрением способствует повышению их энергии прорастания и всхожести, а также накоплению сухого вещества. Выявили, что прибавка урожая зерна после обработки семян микроудобрениями при листовых подкормках составила 10-24 процента, а при обработке семян - 10-16 процентов