From Classroom to Cell: Education, Punishment, and the School-to-Prison Pipeline in New York City

Following World War II, reformers and researchers in the United States debated how to properly rehabilitate so-called juvenile delinquents. Central to this debate was the role education played in children\u27s intellectual and moral development. New York City underwent significant changes during this discourse, enacting new disciplinary policies in public schools and opening Spofford Juvenile Detention Center, now regarded as one of the greatest failures of juvenile justice in American history. Though education has long been considered a fundamental avenue to lift individuals from poverty, its absence has also been weaponized by schools as a disciplinary technique. In what has become known as the school-to-prison pipeline, schools have used the denial of education—through in and out-of-school suspensions and expulsions—to reprimand students for inappropriate behaviors. By examining the role of education in New York City’s school-to-prison pipeline and youth detention centers, using Spofford as a case study, it is clear that education has a powerful role in rehabilitating youth offenders, though there have been many obstacles in its implementation. This historical review asserts that from 1960-2000, the school-to-prison pipeline in New York City systematically denied children—especially Black and Latino youth—quality education by criminalizing their behavior, removing them from school environments, and placing them at higher risk of incarceration. This punitive cycle not only undermined their educational development but also perpetuated a cycle of poverty and criminality by stripping them of tools necessary for academic and social mobility. By exploring this topic, the impact of education on New York City’s “at-risk” and incarcerated children, particularly on a disproportionately minority population, can be assessed to identify ways classrooms in both public schools and detention centers must be amended. Furthermore, these conclusions challenge the notion that “bad” kids deserve to be denied education as punishment—a central theme in the school-to-prison pipeline evident in the modern American classroom

From Farm Town to National Acclaim: Carmel, IN as a Showcase of New Urbanist Design and the “Holistic” Growth Machine

Carmel, Indiana has been an anomaly in terms of entire transformation of a city\u27s design and identity over the span of the last thirty years. This research aims to situate Carmel\u27s development process into the urban planning theories of New Urbanism and the growth machine thesis, as well as telling Carmel\u27s development story as a narrative of key events. Research focuses on the dynamic between the key aspects of New Urbanism - sustainability, livability, and human-scale growth - and the growth machine thesis which frames urban growth as a detrimental process focused on generating wealth solely for the decision makers, or growth coalitions. Carmel\u27s development story uniquely fits into both of these antonymic perspectives on growth, and this thesis defines it as a holistic growth machine that has grown to benefit the city, the people, and the built environment

Is the Price of Organic Foods Worth the Potential Benefits to Your Health?

What foods are healthier for you? This study will determine this based on where the food comes from, including the meat, dairy, and farming industries and how they treat animals and plants, and the nutrients these foods contain. From these findings, this study will choose foods for an average American’s three meals in a day for a organic and non-organic option. Then, it will compare the prices of a typical day’s worth of food and determine whether the price is worth the quality of food you are consuming

Sociocultural Influence on Attitude Formation Toward Critical Race Theory

This study explores the influence of political and parental beliefs, location, and social upbringing on perceptions of critical race theory (CRT) among undergraduate college students above 18 years old. This study had 179 participants who submitted an online survey completing the Highly Sensitive Person Scale, Perceptions of Parents Scales: The College-Student Scale, Experience with Diversity Survey, Social and Economic Conservatism Scale, and Resistance to Change-Beliefs Scale. Participants were also asked questions about their perceptions of CRT, including their feelings about CRT, their support of teaching CRT, how they believed their parents felt about CRT, how confident they were in their understanding of CRT, if they were taught CRT in school, and what age they would prefer for CRT to be taught. Participants’ feelings toward CRT were significantly correlated with parental feelings of CRT. There is a significant correlation between the Social and Economic Conservatism Scale and participants’ perceptions of CRT. There is a significant correlation between the Resistance to Change Beliefs Scale and participants’ feelings toward teaching CRT, with the belief that CRT should be taught at the college level

Explicit Bounds and Parallel Algorithms for Counting Multiply Gleeful Numbers

Let k ≥ 1 be an integer. A positive integer n is k-\textit{gleeful} if n can be represented as the sum of kth powers of consecutive primes. For example, 35=23+33 is a 3-gleeful number, and 195=52+72+112 is 2-gleeful. In this paper, we present some new results on k-gleeful numbers for k \u3e 1. First, we extend previous analytical work. For given values of x and k, we give explicit upper and lower bounds on the number of k-gleeful representations of integers n ≤ x. Second, we describe and analyze two new, efficient parallel algorithms, one theoretical and one practical, to generate all k-gleeful representations up to a bound x. Third, we study integers that are multiply gleeful, that is, integers with more than one representation as a sum of powers of consecutive primes, including both the same or different values of k. We give a simple heuristic model for estimating the density of multiply-gleeful numbers, we present empirical data in support of our heuristics, and offer some new conjectures

The Main Portal of St. Mark’s Basilica: An Amalgam of Venetian Pride and Success and Foreign Influence

St. Mark’s Basilica in Venice stands as a testament to the city’s complex historical and cultural narrative, intertwining elements of conquest, religion, and artistry. This essay delves into the western façade of the basilica, focusing particularly on the main portal—richly adorned with Byzantine bronze doors, marble columns, and mosaics of the Last Judgement. These elements not only serve as relics of Venetian pride and power but also signify the city’s historical relations with the Byzantine Empire, especially following the Fourth Crusade. The façade’s elaborate decoration showcases Venice’s capability to integrate spoils of conquest with local architectural traditions, reflecting both a celebration of its past victories and its ongoing ecclesiastical significance. Through detailed examination of the façade’s structure and ornamentation, this essay explores how Venice has used the basilica to project its identity, in both historical and modern contexts

Medusa: The Monster, Myth, and Feminist Icon

The myth of Medusa is one that has been around since 7c BCE through the writings of authors such as Hesiod and Ovid. While originally a monstrous villain of antiquity in the 21st century Medusa has become an icon of feminism, very different to how she was once portrayed. Through classic art to film and TV, Medusa has integrated herself into the modern pop culture spotlight. Medusa started out in myth as a creature of horror that would bring the demise of men and this theme was carried out in medieval art with pieces like Medusa by Caravaggio, Perseus with the Head of Medusa by Cellini, and Medusa by Bernini. Nowadays feminist poetry writings like Aphrodite Made Me Do It by Trista Mateer and Great Goddesses: Life Lessons from Myths and Monsters by Nikita Gill flip this narrative on its head. This paper explores and analyzes how attitudes on Medusa and her myth have changed over time as well as her role in the current feminist movement

Disulfide-Cleavable Linkers in Antibody-Drug Conjugates for Targeted Cancer Therapy

This project aims to discover a way to improve the safety of and reduce adverse side effects of disulfide-linked antibody-drug conjugates. Disulfide-cleavable linkers for antibody-drug conjugates function by exploiting the differential concentrations of dominant thiol species in the blood plasma and in the cytosol of malignant cells. This project aimed to identify a relationship between the stability of disulfide cleavable linkers in the blood plasma and disulfide linker structure, to prevent premature release of the cytotoxic drug. Three disulfide linker analogs with varying carbon chain lengths were synthesized through reaction with 2,2’-dipyridyl disulfide. Each analog was conjugated to a fluorescent indicator to allow for visible determination of disulfide bond cleavage. Linker-fluorescein conjugates were assayed in both NaHS and DTT solutions of concentrations ranging from 0.422mM-10mM. The results of this study determined that linker length does influence bond stability and reduction kinetics by influencing the size of the cyclic byproduct, with the 4C linker proving to be the most effective in blood stability and drug release