FORMULATION OF NUMERICAL TECHNIQUE TO DEVELOP t-z CURVE USING LOAD SETTLEMENT DATA FROM PILE LOAD TEST

Until recently very few successful attempts, have been made to analyze the behavior of piles and pile systems. This is partly associated with the historical development of piling in that a strong tradition of empiricism has become part of the folklore of piling. When one attempt to take into account aspects such as the effect of pile installation major difficulties apparently arise, but the fact that a complete solution cannot be derived does not preclude the use of analytical approaches based on simple models of soil behavior.In this paper a simple numerical technique based on load transfer approach is developed to capture the response of the soil to displacement, as experimental technique of instrumenting the pile along the length of pile would have been very costly. This technique uses the available load settlement data from pile load test not instrumented along pile during load testing and back figures the response of soil along pile length.Once the load settlement response of soil along pile length is known, the curves can be used for the same site to study the effect of different length and/or diameter of the pile on the load settlement curve of pile. In addition, the load settlement curve for other sites can be generated if the soil profile does not vary remarkably from that soil profile from which the load settlement response of soil is developed. This technique is then applied to load settlement data of three pile load tests conducted in various localities of NWFP

DEVELOPMENT OF DATABASE OF HEAVY TRUCK LOAD DATA IN PESHAWAR, PAKISTAN

The objective of this research project is to develop an indigenous solution that should be efficient and cost effective for determining truck loads passing from Peshawar. As heavy vehicles impacts road most, therefore small vehicles are put in one category and trucks are divided into two, three, four, five and six axles to give clear interpretation of each type of truck. To determine load data, a portable weighing station was designed keeping in view the size of each truck tire, the maximum deflection and economy. Weighing plates were made of steel which is easily available, cheaper as compare to the aluminum plates that are being employed in most of the weighing machines. Movable weighing station comprises of two rectangular steel plates of sizes 28” x 21” and thickness 1” considering the dimensions of loaded trucks tires and AASHTO specification. The thickness is taken as 1” as the deflection produced by the heaviest truck tire was less than 0.5”. General purpose strain gages were installed on front and back side of each plate in full wheat stone bridge form and were connected to Data acquisition system (DAQ) to record deflection. Lab calibration was carried out to determine the value of strain for each load applied through Universal testing machine (UTM). Load verses strain graph was developed for each load cell which was used to interpret the value of load exerted by each pair of tire to produce strains. By adding the strains from each plate, axle load and similarly by adding axles, the load of the complete vehicle can be determined. Field calibration was carried out to check the precision of plates and was found in close agreement. Axle wise load of around 200 vehicles were taken randomly and were found that more than 80% of the vehicles of each category are overloaded. This sample survey of load can be implemented across the country as it is the representation of the loaded vehicles moving in the country

MULTI HOP CLUSTER DESIGN IN WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS

Wireless sensor networks (WSN) are the refined networks used to gather information from different environment factors. It is a promising technology which is composed of tiny sensing objects called sensors that are wirelessly distributed in the environment of interest in the form of clusters. Consumption of energy of sensor nodes depends on the size of the cluster and the amount of information send over the network. An inherent problem with the WSN is the consumption of battery power since when the cluster size is increased depending on application it is designed for, battery life of sensor nodes gets reduced with this extra consumption of energy due to the expanded size of the cluster. In this paper we examined different performance matrices of the WSN by increasing the size of cluster up to four hops and then compared the results with the network having a cluster with small number of hops

FRACTAL COLOR IMAGE COMPRESSION USING A FAST ENCODING ALGORITHM

In this paper a fast fractal encoding algorithm based on the law of cosines is implemented in MATLAB for color images. The implementation results show that the algorithm reduces the average number of searched domain blocks for each range block by a considerable amount as compared to exhaustive search, consequentlyreducing the encoding time. In addition, we get a completely identical fractal code to that of exhaustive search resulting in the same reconstructed image quality. Moreover a general iterative fractal decoding algorithm is also implemented and the PSNRs of the decoded RGB components are plotted against the number of decoderiterations, These convergence plots show that the components reach the fixed point after 6-7 decoding iterations

STIMULATION OF PROTECTED INDUSTRIES BY IMPORT SUBSTITUTION INDUSTRIALIZATION (ISI)

import Substitution Industrialization( ISI ) stimulatesthe import sectorduring the “ easy phase” successfully but fails to bear fruit in producing technically advance capital products. The proposition is tested with statistical evidence from Brazil

DESIGN AND COST ANALYSIS OF MOLD MAKING FACILITY AT GHANI GLASS INDUSTRY

It is important for the manufacturing and service industry to reduce their costs and expenses to maintain a sustainable position in the global marketplace. Selecting the right manufacturing strategy and planning is a critical decision for production managers in the industry. The layout problems generally exist in the manufacturing industries. In the industries the layout problems deals with the facilities like departments, machines etc. As a case study, this paper presents a machine shop producing molds for local based bottles production industry. The mold making machine shop capacity is enhanced to fulfill the annual requirement by minimizing travel distance, removal of bottlenecks during production, material handling and losses. Firstly, several layouts were generated using Systematic Layout Planning (SLP) and efficiency rate is calculated. The cost analysis of the modified layout was calculated by giving a payback period also. The results show that the proposed layout performs efficiently for the annual demand

NON-LINEAR FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF REINFORCEMENT STEEL BARS

A two noded, unidimensional bar element formulated and implemented as a computer program in FORTRAN for elastoplastic Finite Element Analysis best suited for standard type of materials particularly metals was employed in order to find the strain hardening factor for the experimental data of several hundred reinforcement steel bars which were tested in laboratory. Here in the very first instance experimental yield and ultimate values were prescribed as input data and strain-hardening factor was obtained. Direct iterative procedure was adopted and the post yield behaviour of the material was modeled on the basis of a tangent modulus. The study was aimed at finding the suitability of ELPAS as theoretical tool for mathematical modeling of reinforcement bars manufactured from steel scrap. Since a very wide variation of the strain hardening factor values was observed, statistical analysis in terms of mean, standard deviation and coefficient of variation was performed. This was aimed at investigating further the reliability of such bars when used in R.C. structures based on stochastic approach

PASHTO OPTICAL CHARACTER RECOGNITION USING NEURAL NETWORK

This paper presents an Optical Character Recognition system for printed/scanned Pashto continuous text. In the proposed work, Pashto text is recognized using Feed Forward Neural Network (FFNN), consist of an input layer, a hidden layer and an output layer. The input layer is composed of 315 neurons, which receive the pixels data i.e. binary data from a 21x15 symbol pixel matrix. The hidden layer contains 2000 neurons which has been chosen after testing based on optimal result, while the output layer is composed of 6 neurons. As the joinable Pashto characters on different locations in text change its size and shapes, as a result 60 Pashto characters with 110 samples for each Pashto character has been used to train the network

A systematic study of influence of process variables on the overall heat transfer coefficient in a shell and tube heat exchanger

A systematic experimental study was carried out on a shell and tube heat exchanger (STHx) to examine the influence of process variables such as hot and cold water flow rate, and the hot water inlet temperature on the overall heat transfer coefficient (U). The results show that the U increased with increasing the hot water and cold water flow rates. Similarly, the increase in hot water inlet temperature, improved heat transfer rate. It was observed that the increase in the U by increasing the cold water flow rate was significantly higher than with increasing the hot water flow rate. Under similar process conditions, at 36 oC hot water inlet temperature, the U increased from 709.96 to 1045.50 W/(m2.oC) with the increasing cold water flow rate from 0.75 to 2.5 L/min. While for the hot water case, the U increased from 709.96 to 940.43 W/(m2.oC) for the corresponding hot water flow rate. An empirical model correlating the outlet temperature of the STHx fluids with the inlet conditions has also been proposed. The proposed model was used to calculate the outlet temperatures of the hot and cold water and the heat flux. The model predictions were compared with the experimental results and a good agreement was foun

Investigation of tribological characteristics of castor oil with mineral oil blends

Vegetable oil has been researched to supplant petroleum-based items because of its surroundings well disposed attributes and has turned into a key wellspring of bio-ointments.The usefulness of vegetable oil is its availability as one of the renewable sources. Additionally, the vegetable oils based lubricant has indicated the potentials for reducing carbon dioxide and hydrocarbon emission while operating in internal combustion engines and in industrial process. This paper concentrates on the impact of the mixing proportion of mineral oil with vegetable oil examined on the tribological attributes and four ball tribotester method employing commercial lubrication oil. Castor oil was blended at volumetric ratio ranging from 20 to 80 % with commercial mineral oil. Every trial work fit in with ASTM D4172. The outcomes display that a few mixes of castor oil with commercial lubrication oil have brought down the diameter of wear scar  contrasted with mineral oil. Mixes exhibit  decreasing  coefficient of friction contrasted with lubrication oil. As a result, a few mixes of castor oil with commercial lubricant oil have better tribological execution contrasted with commercial lubricant oil or neat castor oil