Optimasi Sintesis Biodiesel dari Minyak Biji Nyamplung (Calophyllum inophyllum) Melalui Reaksi Transesterifikasi Menggunakan Katalis TiO2

Dependence on solar power needs can be overcome by switching to renewable energy, namely biodiesel. Biodiesel can be synthesized from non-food vegetable oil, namely nyamplung seed oil, with the help of a catalyst. The aim of this research is to optimize the synthesis of biodiesel from nyamplung seed oil through a transesterification reaction using a TiO2 catalyst. Variations in reaction conditions include the mole ratio of oil: methanol, catalyst mass, reaction time and reaction temperature. The optimum conditions for biodiesel synthesis were obtained at mole ratio of oil: methanol  1:8; catalyst 0.15 g; reaction time 150 minutes and reaction temperature 60℃ with an average yield of 76.54%. The characteristics of the biodiesel obtained include  0.877 g/mL of density, 3.65 cSt of viscosity,   234.217 mg KOH/g of saponification value, and 2.1 mg NaOH/g of acid value. The chemical composition of biodiesel resulting from GC-MS is methyl palmitate, methyl oleate and methyl stearate

Perubahan Kerapatan Vegetasi Kota Kupang Berdasarkan Citra Landsat 8 Tahun 2014-2024

Vegetation change is a key indicator for observing environmental dynamics using GIS and remote sensing approaches. Kupang City as an urban growth center in East Nusa Tenggara, is experiencing development pressures that affect the presence of natural vegetation. This study aims to map vegetation index changes and analyze their dynamics from 2014 to 2024. The method employed NDVI calculation using ArcGIS 10.8 software. The results show that high density vegetation increased from 2,124.9 ha in 2014 to 2,780.46 ha in 2024; medium-density vegetation decreased from 11,133.27 ha to 9,878.49 ha; low-density vegetation increased from 2,269.44 ha to 2,869.65 ha; and non-vegetation areas slightly decreased from 6.75 ha to 5.76 ha. The most significant change occurred in the medium-density class, with a conversion of 1,221.30 ha to low-density vegetation. These findings provide essential insights for vegetation monitoring and sustainable spatial planning in Kupang City

Analisis Perilaku Sanitasi Wisatawan terhadap penggunaan air Bersih dan Toilet di Kawasan Khusus Ekonomi Mandalika

The Mandalika Special Economic Zone (KEK) is a super priority destination in NTB with an increasing number of tourists visits every year. The increasing number of tourist visits affects the sanitation of the area. Sanitation conditions are influenced by tourist behavior. This study aims to analyze the sanitation behavior of tourists, especially in the use of clean water and toilets. The research method uses a questionnaire distribution to 96 tourists taken by simple random sampling. Determination of the number of respondents using the Slovin formula. The validity and reliability test of the questionnaire instrument was carried out first before the data was analyzed descriptively. The results of the study showed that 61% of respondents who had clean water use behavior in the Mandalika KEK had water use behavior in the "Good" category, while 39% had "Less Good" behavior. Toilet use behavior showed that 67% of respondents who had toilet use behavior in the Mandalika KEK had water use behavior in the "Good" category, while 33% had "Less Good" behavior

Monitoring Tetesan Cairan Infus Berbasis IoT

The need for proper and accurate medical equipment not limited by distance and time is to make monitoring of system. One part is that in patient care is to accurately monitor the flow of infusion fluids according to the fluid that comes out of the infusion in the right dose so that it can avoid complications that occur in patients. The creation of this system is to develop a manual observation system to be based on IoT (Internet of Things) with the advantages of remote monitoring of the flow of infusion fluids and being able to provide information in real time. The use of an internet network with a system of equipment has sensors to detect the weight of the infusion fluid, microcontrollers, and IoT communication modules connected to android. Â

Optimalisasi Aktivitas Antibakteri Formulasi Hidrogel Kitosan Berbasis Jaringan Saraf Multilayer Perceptron dalam Bioteknologi Lingkungan

Pengembangan biomaterial antibakteri yang berkelanjutan sangat penting untuk kemajuan bioteknologi lingkungan dan meningkatkan pengendalian patogen. Komposit hidrogel berbasis kitin menunjukkan aktivitas antimikroba alami. Namun, penentuan formulasi optimal masih menjadi tantangan akibat interaksi nonlinier antara kitin, PVA, gelatin, dan honey (madu). Studi ini memperkenalkan jaringan saraf tiruan Multilayer Perceptron (MLP) sebagai kerangka kerja prediktif dan optimasi cerdas untuk menentukan komposisi hidrogel paling efektif terhadap Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Model MLP dilatih menggunakan dataset sekunder dan dievaluasi melalui R², MSE, RMSE, dan MAE untuk menilai akurasi prediksi dan kinerja generalisasi. Model mencapai R² sebesar 0.991 pada tahap pelatihan dan 0.914 pada tahap pengujian, menunjukkan kemampuan yang baik dalam menangkap hubungan variabel yang kompleks. Kemudian, optimasi berbasis grid mengidentifikasi formulasi optimal yang terdiri dari 0.06 g/mL kitosan, 0.05 g/mL PVA, 0.00 g/mL gelatin, dan 0.01 g/mL honey (madu), menghasilkan zona inhibisi maksimum sebesar 30.66 mm. Selain itu, validasi eksternal menunjukkan bahwa model MLP menghasilkan bias rata-rata sebesar 4.80%, melampaui Response Surface Methodologydan mengonfirmasi kemampuannya yang superior dalam pemodelan nonlinier. Hasil ini menunjukkan potensi jaringan saraf MLP sebagai salah satu algoritma pemodelan untuk mempercepat penemuan dan optimasi hidrogel antibakteri ramah lingkungan dalam aplikasi bioteknologi lingkungan

Pengaruh Head Terhadap Kecepatan Dan Debit Aliran Irigasi Tetes Bertingkat Berdasarkan Volume Aliran Tertampung

The secondary pipe network in a multi-level drip irrigation network is a water source that will serve the drip irrigation network at each level. The amount of flow obtained by the drip irrigation network is highly dependent on the available head height from the water source. This study aims to determine the amount of flow discharge produced by the height of the water source head in a four-level drip irrigation pipe network, so that it can be used for optimal design of a multi-level drip irrigation network. Optimization of the irrigation network is reviewed against the amount of deviation of discharge from the primary network to the drip discharge, as the final result of irrigation to the plants. The test was carried out on a 4-level drip irrigation network with a water source height from the reservoir of 3.21m with a capacity of 200 liters. The head variation consists of four types according to the amount of height of the drip irrigation network to the surface of the reservoir water. The main data analyzed are the volume of flow collected, discharge, speed and deviation of discharge or speed. While the presentation of the results is displayed in the form of regression graphs between the two test parameters, so that they can be applied generally. In the secondary pipe, there is an average difference in flow velocity of around 0.05 m/s in each network, with the lowest secondary flow rate deviation obtained at a small head of 0.2 cm3/s between the fourth and third floors, while the highest discharge deviation is obtained on the first and second floor networks, which is around 1.6 cm3/s. Low vt deviation is obtained at a head below 2.3m and the highest occurs at a head above 2.3m. The difference in head in the primary and secondary distribution networks does not have a significant effect on the distribution of drip irrigation flow, if the drip points are more numerous, the deviation is still within reasonable limits

Kajian Serapan N, P dan Hasil Umbi Kentang (Solanum tuberosum L.) pada Berbagai Takaran Phonska Alam di Lahan Kering Sembalun Lombok Timur

Potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L.) are one of the horticultural commodities that have an important role as a food source. The purpose of this study is to determine the nutrient absorption of Nitrogen, Phosphorus and potato tuber products at various doses of natural phonska in the dry land of Sembalun East Lombok. The method used in this study is an experimental method by conducting field experiments that test various doses of natural phonska fertilizer. With fertilizer doses of P0 0 kg/ha, P1 800 kg/ha, P2 1,200 kg/ha, P3 1,600 kg/ha and the use of mulch on potato plants (Solanum tuberosum L.). This research was carried out from March to August 2024, in Sajang Village, Sembalun District on land owned by PT Sembalun Kusuma Emas (SKE). The application of natural phonska and mulch has a real effect on the absorption of nutrients from Nitrogen and Phosphorus. The application of phonska 1,600 kg/ha with mulch application (P3M1) yielded the best absorption value, namely, Nitrogen 1.70 gr/ton and Phosphorus 0.21 gr/ton. The application of natural phonska fertilizer and mulch has a real effect on the number of leaves of potato plants, especially at the age of 3 and 7 weeks after planting (MST). The application of natural phonska fertilizer and the use of mulch have a real effect on the yield of potato plants. The application of phonska 1,600 kg/ha with the application of mulch (P3M)

Studi Perbandingan Imunohistokimia NeuN dan NSE untuk Penilaian Neuroprotektif Kombinasi Centella asiatica, Kayu Manis, dan Spirulina pada Cedera Otak Traumatis

Background: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality globally, often resulting in cognitive and functional impairment. Effective neuroprotective strategies are needed to mitigate secondary injuries following TBI. This study evaluated the neuroprotective effects of combined Centella asiatica, cinnamon, and spirulina using NeuN and neuron-specific enolase (NSE) immunohistochemical staining in a rat model of TBI. Methods: Ten male Sprague-Dawley rats (200–400 g, 10–12 weeks) were subjected to TBI using the modified Marmarou model and treated orally with a combination extract of Centella asiatica, cinnamon, and spirulina for 10 days. On day 11, brain tissues were collected for histopathological examination and immunohistochemical staining using NeuN and NSE markers to evaluate neurogenesis and neuronal survival. Results: Immunohistochemical analysis revealed a mean positive expression of 71.66% in the NeuN group, indicating increased neuronal survival and neurogenesis, while the NSE group consistently showed 0% positive staining across all samples. The NeuN staining provided a clear depiction of neuronal preservation in the brain tissue, whereas NSE did not demonstrate detectable neurogenesis or neuronal protection in this model. Conclusion: The administration of a combined extract of Centella asiatica, cinnamon, and spirulina demonstrated neuroprotective effects in a rat model of subacute traumatic brain injury, as indicated by increased NeuN immunohistochemical expression, reflecting enhanced neurogenesis and neuronal survival. NeuN staining provided a clearer and more sensitive depiction than NSE, supporting its reliability as an immunohistochemical marker for evaluating neuroprotection and neurogenesis during the subacute phase of TBI in models treated with herbal-based interventions

Tocotrienol Berbasis Nabati dalam Akuakultur: Solusi Inovatif untuk Produktivitas, Kesehatan Ikan, dan Keberlanjutan

Aquaculture plays a pivotal role in global food security but faces challenges such as diseases, oxidative stress, and reliance on unsustainable feed ingredients. Tocotrienol, a plant-based vitamin E isomer, offers an innovative solution with superior antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory properties compared to α-tocopherol. This review examines the utilization of tocotrienol from natural sources like red palm oil (Elaeis guineensis) and annatto seeds (Bixa orellana)—containing up to 4,135 mg/L δ-tocotrienol—to enhance aquaculture productivity. Empirical studies demonstrate that tocotrienol supplementation in feed improves Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) growth and feed efficiency. Its mechanisms involve NF-κB pathway inhibition, Nrf2-ARE activation, and pparγ gene regulation for lipid metabolism. However, challenges such as thermal degradation during feed extrusion and species-specific responses require formulation strategies like nanoencapsulation or industrial byproducts (PFAD). Through integrated approaches, tocotrienol holds potential as a strategic feed additive to advance sustainable aquaculture by enhancing fish health, product quality, and economic efficiency

Analisis Pola Spatio-Temporal Gempa Bumi di Zona Busur Belakang Utara Lombok–Flores Menggunakan Agglomerative Clustering

This study aims to identify earthquake clustering patterns in the Northern Lombok–Flores Back-Arc Zone using the Agglomerative Clustering method. Seismic data were obtained from the United States Geological Survey (USGS) covering the period 1970–2021, using latitude, longitude, depth, and magnitude as clustering variables. A sliding window approach was applied to capture the temporal evolution of seismic activity. The results indicate the formation of three stable clusters that consistently represent different earthquake depth levels across all analyzed time windows. Although fluctuations in the occurrence of large-magnitude earthquakes were observed in several windows, these variations did not significantly affect the clustering structure. This study demonstrates that the combination of Agglomerative Clustering and a sliding window approach is effective for identifying depth-based earthquake clustering patterns and describing their temporal dynamic