A process model for AI-enabled software development: a synthesis from validation studies in white literature

**Context:** With the fast advancement of techniques in artificial intelligence (AI) and of the target infrastructures in the last decades, AI software is becoming an undeniable part of software system projects. As in most cases in history, however, development methods and guides follow the advancements in technology with phase differences. **Purpose:** With an aim to elicit and integrate available evidence from AI software development practices into a process model, this study synthesizes the contributions of the validation studies reported in scientific literature. **Method:** We applied a systematic literature review to retrieve, select, and analyze the primary studies. After a comprehensive and rigorous search and scoping review, we identified 82 studies that make various contributions in relation to AI software development practices. To increase the effectiveness of the synthesis and the usefulness of the outcome, for detailed analysis, we selected 14 primary studies (out of 82) that empirically validated their contributions. **Results:** We carefully reviewed the selected studies that validate proposals on approaches/models, methods/techniques, tasks/phases, lessons learned/best practices, or workflows. We mapped the steps/activities in these proposals with the knowledge areas in SWEBOK, and using the evidence in this mapping and the primary studies, we synthesized a process model that integrates activities, artifacts, and roles for AI-enabled software system development. **Cunclusion:** To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study that proposes such a process model by eliciting and gathering the contributions of the validation studies in a bottom-up manner. We expect that the output of this synthesis will be input for further research to validate or improve the process model

Notalardan sandıklara: sağ partilerin seçim şarkılarının incelenmesi (1987-1999)

This work is a student project of the Department of History, Faculty of Economics, Administrative and Social Sciences, İhsan Doğramacı Bilkent University.The History of Turkey course (HIST200) is a requirement for all Bilkent undergraduates. It is designed to encourage students to work in groups on projects concerning any topic of their choice that relates to the history of Turkey. It is designed as an interactive course with an emphasis on research and the objective of investigating events, chronologically short historical periods, as well as historic representations. Students from all departments prepare and present final projects for examination by a committee, with 10 projects chosen to receive awards.Ankara : İhsan Doğramacı Bilkent Üniversitesi İktisadi, İdari ve Sosyal Bilimler Fakültesi, Tarih Bölümü, 2025.Includes bibliographical references (pages 20-21).Bu çalışmada 1987-1999 yılları arasında sağ siyasi partilerin Türkiye Genel Seçimlerinde kullanılan seçim şarkılarının partilerin politikalarını nasıl ve ne derece temsil ettiklerini, güncel olaylara atıfta bulunup bulunmadıklarını ve seçim sonuçlarında etkili olup olmadıklarını incelenecektir. Sağ partilere odaklanılmasının nedeni seçim şarkısı kullanımının daha yaygın olmasıdır. Bahsedilen siyasi partiler: Anavatan Partisi (ANAP), Doğru Yol Partisi (DYP), Milliyetçi Hareket Partisi (MHP), Refah Partisi (RP), ve Fazilet Partisi (FP)’dir. Seçim şarkılarının seçimlerdeki rolünü aktarabilmek için seçimler ve dönemin politik yapısı verilmiştir. Sonuç olarak seçim şarkılarının propaganda aracı olmanın yanı sıra liderlerin imajlarında ve dönemin olaylarının yorumlanmasında etkili araçlar oldukları belirlenmiştir.This study analyzes election songs of right-wing political parties from 1987 to 1999 regarding how and how much they reflect their policies, if they talk about current issues, and if they affect the election results. The reason for the focus on right-wing parties is the election song tradition being more prominent in these parties. The parties mentioned in this study include the Motherland Party (MP), True Path Party (TPP), Nationalist Movement Party (NMP), Welfare Party (WP), and Virtue Party (VP). The main conclusion drawn from this study is that election songs are, along with propaganda tools, effective on the reputations of parties' leaders and interpretations of significant events of that era.by Abdürrahim Öze

1992 Erzincan depremi’nde Gülseven ailesi

This work is a student project of the Department of History, Faculty of Economics, Administrative and Social Sciences, İhsan Doğramacı Bilkent University.The History of Turkey course (HIST200) is a requirement for all Bilkent undergraduates. It is designed to encourage students to work in groups on projects concerning any topic of their choice that relates to the history of Turkey. It is designed as an interactive course with an emphasis on research and the objective of investigating events, chronologically short historical periods, as well as historic representations. Students from all departments prepare and present final projects for examination by a committee, with 10 projects chosen to receive awards.Ankara : İhsan Doğramacı Bilkent Üniversitesi İktisadi, İdari ve Sosyal Bilimler Fakültesi, Tarih Bölümü, 2025.Includes bibliographical references (page 17-19).Bu makalede, 1992 Erzincan depreminde bulunmuş ve bu felaketi birebir deneyimlemiş olan Emine Gülseven ve eşi Akif Gülseven’in deprem öncesi yaşamları, deprem sırasında karşılaştıkları olaylar ve deprem sonrası hayatlarının şekillenişi detaylı bir şekilde incelenmektedir. 1980-1995 yılları arasındaki Erzincan’a ışık tutmakla birlikte depremin bireyler üzerindeki maddi ve manevi etkilerini sözlü tarih yöntemiyle ele alınacaktır. Ayrıca bu çalışma, depremzedelerin sesini duyurmak, bireysel deneyimlerin unutulmasını engellemek ve yaşanan felaketlerden ders çıkarılmasına katkı sağlamak amacını taşımaktadır. Emine ve Akif Gülseven ile yapılan röportajlardan elde edilen veriler, ikincil kaynaklarla desteklenmiştir.This article thoroughly studies Emine Gülseven and her husband Akif Gülseven who were affected by the 1992 Erzincan earthquake, life before the earthquake, the incidents that occurred during the earthquake and how their life took shape after the earthquake. The article sheds light on Erzincan between the years 1980 and 1995 while also touches upon the effects of the earthquake on individuals by way of oral history method. Apart from that, the goal is to get the survivors’ voices to be heard, to not let their experiences become history and to take lessons by not forgetting the disasters that have happened. The information which was acquired from the interview with Emine Gülseven and Akif Gülseven are supported with secondary sources.by Sena Özbay Dalkılı

SEKA paper factories: Turkey’s pursuit of paper independence and industrial resilience

Ankara : İhsan Doğramacı Bilkent Üniversitesi İktisadi, İdari ve Sosyal Bilimler Fakültesi, Tarih Bölümü, 2025.This work is a student project of the Department of History, Faculty of Economics, Administrative and Social Sciences, İhsan Doğramacı Bilkent University.The History of Turkey course (HIST209) is a requirement for all Bilkent undergraduates. It is designed to encourage students to work in groups on projects concerning any topic of their choice that relates to the history of Turkey. It is designed as an interactive course with an emphasis on research and the objective of investigating events, chronologically short historical periods, as well as historic representations. Students from all departments prepare and present final projects for examination by a committee, with 10 projects chosen to receive awards.Includes bibliographical references (pages 14-15).In the early decades of the 19th century, Turkey had economic obstacles with many shortcomings. These problems can be caused by several factors such as reduced production and external government debt. Thereby, SEKA was one of the major means for ensuring economic independence, creating jobs, and serving local development in the Kocaeli region. But in the 1980s, SEKA started to face tough competition from modernized foreign producers, was plagued by financial difficulties, and felt the sting of environmental challenges related to deforestation and sustainability in paper production. These were further aggravated by neoliberal economic policies and privatization efforts, which finally led to the closure of SEKA in 2005. Despite this, SEKA left an important mark in Turkey's industrial history with regard to workforce development and environmental responsibility, its impact is still felt today through the SEKA Paper Museum and its contributions to regional economic growth.19\. yüzyılın ilk yıllarında, Türkiye birçok eksiklikle birlikte ekonomik engellerle karşı karşıyaydı. Bu problemler, üretimin azalması ve dış borçlar gibi birkaç faktörden kaynaklanıyordu. Bu bağlamda, SEKA, ekonomik bağımsızlığın sağlanması, iş yaratılması ve Kocaeli bölgesindeki yerel kalkınmaya hizmet edilmesi açısından önemli bir araçtı. Ancak 1980'lerde, SEKA modernize olmuş yabancı üreticilerin zorlu rekabetiyle karşılaşmaya başladı, finansal zorluklarla boğuştu ve kağıt üretimindeki ormansızlaşma ve sürdürülebilirlikle ilgili çevresel sorunların etkilerini hissetti. Bu durum, neoliberal ekonomik politikalar ve özelleştirme çabalarıyla daha da kötüleşti ve nihayetinde 2005'te SEKA'nın kapanmasına yol açtı. Buna rağmen, SEKA, iş gücü gelişimi ve çevresel sorumluluk açısından Türkiye'nin sanayi tarihinde önemli bir iz bıraktı, etkisi bugün hâlâ SEKA Kağıt Müzesi ve bölgesel ekonomik büyümeye yaptığı katkılarla hissedilmektedir.by Beril Ünve

Productive and unproductive effort choices in groups and sharing: an experimental study

Agents in collaborative relationships (e.g., business partnership and co-authorship) frequently need to decide on the allocation of limited resources (e.g., time and money) to productive activities that increase the size of the joint surplus and unproductive, promotional activities that do not affect the size of the surplus but increase their (individual) likelihood of capturing a greater control/share of the surplus. Using a laboratory experiment, we first analyze the effect of the opportunity cost of unproductive investment on subjects' resource allocation decisions in the first stage. Second, we study whether (i) the opportunity cost of unproductive investment and (ii) the identity of the decision-maker (human or computer) affect subjects' distributive decisions in the second stage. Three main insights emerge from our experiment: First, we find that subjects choose productive and unproductive investments equally likely both in low and high opportunity cost treatments. Second, subjects give less to their matched pairs if they choose unproductive investment in human treatment but not in computer treatment that suggests that subjects punish (by giving less) their matched pairs for allocating more resources to unproductive, promotional activities, a behavior that is not present when the allocation decision is made by a computer

Eskişehir’de tiyatro kültürü ve kan parası ile kurulan Oda Tiyatrosu

This work is a student project of the Department of History, Faculty of Economics, Administrative and Social Sciences, İhsan Doğramacı Bilkent University.The History of Turkey course (HIST200) is a requirement for all Bilkent undergraduates. It is designed to encourage students to work in groups on projects concerning any topic of their choice that relates to the history of Turkey. It is designed as an interactive course with an emphasis on research and the objective of investigating events, chronologically short historical periods, as well as historic representations. Students from all departments prepare and present final projects for examination by a committee, with 10 projects chosen to receive awards.Ankara : İhsan Doğramacı Bilkent Üniversitesi İktisadi, İdari ve Sosyal Bilimler Fakültesi, Tarih Bölümü, 2025.Includes bibliographical references (pages 18-19).Araştırmanın temel amacı Yılmaz Büyükerşen öncülüğünde kurulan Oda Tiyatrosunun kuruluşu ve faaliyetlerine ışık tutmaktır. Oda Tiyatrosunun kuruluşu öncesi dönemde Anadolu’da tiyatronun yeri incelenmiştir. Oda Tiyatrosunun kuruluşunun Anadolu ve özellikle Eskişehir üzerindeki etkileri araştırılmış, Yılmaz Büyükerşen ve arkadaşlarının Oda Tiyatrosunun temelini attığı ve ilerlettiği dönem ele alınmıştır. Ayrıca Yılmaz Büyükerşen’in akademik hayatı sonrası siyasi hayatında da tiyatro ile ilişiği üzerinde durulmuş; Oda Tiyatrosunun isim değiştirdiği, belediye çatısı altına girdiği dönem incelenmiştir.The main purpose of the research is to shed light on the establishment and activities of the Oda Theater, founded under the leadership of Yılmaz Büyükerşen. The importance of theater in Anatolia in the period before the establishment of the Oda Theater was examined. The effects of the foundation of the Oda Theater on Anatolia and especially Eskişehir have been investigated, and the period in which Yılmaz Büyükerşen and his friends laid the foundation of the Oda Theater and advanced the theater, is discussed. In addition, Yılmaz Büyükerşen's relationship with theater in his political life after his academic life has been emphasized; the period when the Oda Theater changed its name and came under the roof of the government has been examined.by Erdinç Ofl

Selçuklu döneminden günümüze Arslanhane Camii ve mimari yapısı

This work is a student project of the Department of History, Faculty of Economics, Administrative and Social Sciences, İhsan Doğramacı Bilkent University.The History of Turkey course (HIST200) is a requirement for all Bilkent undergraduates. It is designed to encourage students to work in groups on projects concerning any topic of their choice that relates to the history of Turkey. It is designed as an interactive course with an emphasis on research and the objective of investigating events, chronologically short historical periods, as well as historic representations. Students from all departments prepare and present final projects for examination by a committee, with 10 projects chosen to receive awards.Includes bibliographical references (pages 17-18).Ankara : İhsan Doğramacı Bilkent Üniversitesi İktisadi, İdari ve Sosyal Bilimler Fakültesi, Tarih Bölümü, 2025.Arslanhane (Ahi Şerafettin) Camii, Ankara'nın Samanpazarı ilçesinde yer alan önemli bir tarihi yapıdır. Özellikle mihrab ve minberindeki desenler ve renkleri ile Selçuklu Dönemi ve İslam sanatının kültürel ve mimari özelliklerini taşıyan bu cami 13. yüzyılda inşa edilmiştir. Arslanhane Camii, Ahilik Teşkilatı faaliyetleri kapsamında düzenlenen toplumsal etkinliklere ev sahipliği yapmanın yanısıra, bulunduğu bölgenin ekonomik, sosyokültürel ve siyasi yapısını da etkilemiştir. İnşa edildiği tarihten bu yana belirli aralıklarla restore edilen bu cami, 800 yıldır ayakta kalmış ve sahip olduğu benzersiz niteliklerinden ötürü UNESCO Dünya Mirası Listesi'nde yerini almıştır. Bu çalışma, caminin mimari özelliklerini, kültürel bağlantılarını, restorasyon ve UNESCO süreçlerini araştırmaktadır.The Arslanhane (Ahi Şerafettin) Mosque represents a significant historical landmark located in the Samanpazarı district of Ankara. Constructed in the 13th century, this mosque exhibits the cultural and architectural attributes of the Seljuk Period and Islamic art, particularly through the intricate patterns and vibrant colors featured in its mihrab and minbar. Beyond its architectural significance, the Arslanhane Mosque serves as a venue for social events organized by the Ahi Organization, which influenced the region's economic, sociocultural, and political landscape. This mosque, which has been restored periodically since its construction, has survived for 800 years and has taken its place on the UNESCO World Heritage List due to its unique qualities. This study explores the mosque's architectural features, cultural significance, and its recognition as a UNESCO World Heritage site.by İbrahim Mert Öztür

Conceptual model generation of the relationship between digital marketing capability and business performance: evidence from Turkey

PurposeThe study develops a model that associates digital marketing capabilities with customer relations orientation, technology orientation and social customer relationship management (CRM) competence with business performance, considering market environment factors. It also aims to contribute to the literature with dynamic capability theory by testing this model.Design/methodology/approachThe model suggested is tested by data obtained online from a sample of 178 Turkish companies that use digital marketing tools. The data obtained were analyzed using the structural equation model (SEM).FindingsIn this study, it has been determined that digital marketing capabilities affect business performance. Also, a positive moderating effect of dynamism is seen in the relationship of digital marketing capabilities with business performance. Also, technology orientation, social CRM competence and customer relations orientation affect and explain digital marketing capabilities as antecedents.Research limitations/implicationsThe study only focuses on Turkish companies, and no distinction has been made in terms of business type/size. Also, since this research was carried out during the COVID-19 pandemic, the data may have been affected by this period.Originality/valueContextual and methodological research gaps still exist in digital marketing capabilities literature. This study is evaluating Turkish companies' digital marketing capabilities with business performance, and in the context of Turkey, it is important for other developing countries with a similar market environment. Also, it contributes to the dynamic capabilities theory literature by constructing a novel conceptual model examining the relationship among dynamic digital marketing capabilities, their antecedents and business performance

Türkiye'nin ilk ve tek zeytin profesörü: Mücahit Tahaözkaya

This work is a student project of the Department of History, Faculty of Economics, Administrative and Social Sciences, İhsan Doğramacı Bilkent University.The History of Turkey course (HIST200) is a requirement for all Bilkent undergraduates. It is designed to encourage students to work in groups on projects concerning any topic of their choice that relates to the history of Turkey. It is designed as an interactive course with an emphasis on research and the objective of investigating events, chronologically short historical periods, as well as historic representations. Students from all departments prepare and present final projects for examination by a committee, with 10 projects chosen to receive awards.Ankara : İhsan Doğramacı Bilkent Üniversitesi İktisadi, İdari ve Sosyal Bilimler Fakültesi, Tarih Bölümü, 2025.Includes bibliographical references (pages 19-20).Bu çalışma, Türkiye’nin ilk zeytin profesörü olarak tanınan Mücahit Taha Özkaya’nın hayatını ve zeytincilik alanındaki çığır açıcı katkılarını inceleyecektir. Özkaya akademi hayatına ziraat mühendisliği ile başlamış ve jojoba bitkisi sayesinde akademide ilerleme kararı almıştır. Ardından da zeytin üzerine yaptığı araştırmalarla Türkiye’deki zeytincilik sektörüne ve araştırmalarına öncülük etmiştir. Özkaya zeytin araştırmaları sırasında gölgeli plastik tünel yöntemi ve ince tabaka kromatografisi gibi yenilikçi teknikleri geliştirmiştir. Bu yöntemleri kullanarak zeytin köklenme problemleri, fenolik bileşikler ve sağlık etkileri gibi konularda literatüre önemli katkılarda bulunmuştur. Ulusal ve uluslararası projelerde aktif bir rol oynayan Özkaya, düzenlediği sempozyumlar ve liderlik ettiği çalışmalarla Türkiye’yi zeytincilikte dünya piyasasına taşımıştır. Akademik başarılarının yanı sıra sektöre kazandırdığı modern zeytinyağı fabrikaları ve markalı üretim bilgisi, Özkaya’ya “Zeytin Baba” unvanını kazandırmıştır. Onun öncülüğünde yapılan çalışmalar ve araştırmalar, Türkiye’ye zeytincilik sektöründe hem ulusal hem de uluslararası düzeyde yeni perspektifler kazandırmıştır.This study examines the life and groundbreaking contributions of Mücahit Taha Özkaya, Turkey’s first olive professor. Özkaya began his academic career in agricultural engineering and decided to advance in academia thanks to his works on the jojoba plant. He later initiated research and developments in Turkey’s olive cultivation sector through his studies on olives. During his olive research, Özkaya developed innovative techniques such as the shaded plastic tunnel method and thin-layer chromatography. Using these methods, he significantly contributed to the literature on issues such as olive rooting problems, phenolic compounds, and health effects. Özkaya was actively involved in national and international projects. He brought Turkey to a global stage in olive cultivation through the symposiums he organized and the projects he led. Beyond his academic achievements, his contributions to the industry, including modern olive oil factories and expertise in branded production, earned him the title "Zeytin Baba" (Father of Olives). The works and studies he spearheaded brought new perspectives to Turkey’s olive sector at both national and international levels.by Sefa Mustafa Altı

1990’larda Türk bağımsız sinemasının yükselişi: sosyo-ekonomik dönüşümlerin ve Avrupa sinemasının etkileri

This work is a student project of the Department of History, Faculty of Economics, Administrative and Social Sciences, İhsan Doğramacı Bilkent University.The History of Turkey course (HIST200) is a requirement for all Bilkent undergraduates. It is designed to encourage students to work in groups on projects concerning any topic of their choice that relates to the history of Turkey. It is designed as an interactive course with an emphasis on research and the objective of investigating events, chronologically short historical periods, as well as historic representations. Students from all departments prepare and present final projects for examination by a committee, with 10 projects chosen to receive awards.Ankara : İhsan Doğramacı Bilkent Üniversitesi İktisadi, İdari ve Sosyal Bilimler Fakültesi, Tarih Bölümü, 2025.Includes bibliographical references (pages 21-22).Bu makalede, literatür taraması ve sözlü kaynaklardan yararlanılarak Türk sinemasının tarihsel gelişimini ve sosyoekonomik dönüşümlerle olan etkileşimi işlenmektedir. Osmanlı döneminde başlayan sinema, Cumhuriyet’in ilk yıllarında ulusal kimlik inşası için bir araç haline gelmiştir. Türkiye’de sinema, 1960’lardan başlayarak televizyonun Türkiye’de yaygınlaşması ve 1980 darbesi gibi toplumsal olaylardan etkilenmiştir. 1990’larda Nuri Bilge Ceylan ve Zeki Demirkubuz gibi yönetmenler, Avrupa sinemasından esinlenerek minimalist ve özgün eserler üretmiş, Türk sinemasının uluslararası başarılar elde etmesini sağlamıştır. Türk sineması, toplumsal ve ekonomik değişimlere paralel bir gelişim göstererek, hem bir anlatı aracı hem de kültürel bir ifade biçimi olarak önemli bir rol üstlenmiştir.This article examines the historical development of Turkish cinema and its interaction with socio-economic transformations through literature review and oral sources. Cinema, which began during the Ottoman era, became a tool for national identity construction in the Turkish Republic's early years. Turkish cinema has been influenced by societal events such as the spread of television starting in the 1960s and the 1980 coup. In the 1990s, directors like Nuri Bilge Ceylan and Zeki Demirkubuz, inspired by European cinema, produced minimalist and original works, contributing to the international success of Turkish cinema. Reflecting societal and economic changes, Turkish cinema has evolved as both a narrative medium and a form of cultural expression. This study examines the historical development of Turkish cinema and its interaction with socio-economic transformations through literature review and oral sources.by Sefa Mustafa Aydı