INLAND WATERWAYS TRANSPORT IN THE EUROPEAN UNION - FLOWING OR STILL STANDING?

Although the inland waterways transport (transport/navigation on rivers, lakes and canals) is, by its characteristics, an acceptable mode of transport, in some EU member states it is still unfortunately underestimated and insufficiently exploited. Cost-effectiveness, safety and eco-friendliness are the main characteristics of the inland waterway transport. The European Union emphasizes the reduction of traffic congestion, increased traffic safety, the use of environmentally friendly modes of transport and the use of alternative fuels as the goals of its transport policy. Developed inland waterway transport is therefore one of the possible solutions for the achievement of these goals. European Union has some 40,000 km of navigable waterways and 13 Member States have an interconnected waterway network, which is a great potential for the development of this mode of transport. Although the European Union has provided a number of programmes and actions for inland waterway transport to encourage it and to increase the share of goods and passengers transported by inland waterways, the major results appear to be absent. The paper presents the significance and potential of EU inland waterway transport, relevant sources of law and their implementation, as well as activities and results of work in the field of inland waterway transport

Legal Framework of European Inland Waterways and Croatian Legislation on Inland Waterways Navigation – Problems of Non-Harmonized Rules

Inland waterway transport, as one of the oldest modes of transport, is still under-used in the European Union. Though it has many advantages over other modes of transport (it is environmentally friendly, cost-saving, energyefficient, safety), it also faces several significant problems. The European Union has recognized the importance of inland waterway transport and has adopted several regulations establishing a legal framework for this area of transport, and has launched some programs and projects to promote it. The Republic of Croatia has harmonized its national legislation with the European, and is also the party of the most important international agreements regulating inland waterway navigation. Despite this, inland waterway navigation continues to lag behind other modes of transport. One of the reasons may be that the existing legal framework (on international, European and national level) is still not satisfactory. Further improvements, harmonization of rules and preferably unification is needed. This paper analyses the international and European legal framework as well as the Croatian legislation on inland waterway transport and makes recommendations for further changes to the existing legislation

the LIABILITY OF THE CARRIER FOR DAMAGE ON THE PHYSICAL INTE GRITY OF PASSENGERS AND TO LUGGAGE UNDER PROVISIONS OF THE CROATIAN MARITIME CODE OF 2013

Radi usklađivanja zakonodavstva s pravnom stečevinom Europske unije došlo je do značajnih izmjena i dopuna Pomorskog zakonika 2013. godine posebno u dijelu koji se odnosi na prijevoz putnika i prtljage. Naime, Pomorski zakonik upućuje na primjenu Uredbe br. 392/2009 Europskog Parlamenta i Vijeća o odgovornosti prijevoznika u prijevozu putnika morem u slučaju nesreća kod prijevoza putnika i prtljage u međunarodnoj plovidbi i nacionalnoj plovidbi brodovima klase A i B kako su definirani Direktivom 2009/45/EZ Europskoga parlamenta i Vijeća o sigurnosnim pravilima i normama za putničke brodove. Budući da su u Uredbu EU br. 392/2009 unesene odredbe Protokola iz 2002. godine Atenskoj konvenciji o prijevozu putnika i njihove prtljage morem iz 1974. godine kao i Rezerva i Smjernice IMO-a za provedbu Atenske konvencije iz 2006. godine, one će se izravno primjenjivati i u Republici Hrvatskoj. Na prijevoz putnika i prtljage u nacionalnoj plovidbi brodovima koji ne spadaju u klasu A i B primjenjuju se odredbe Pomorskog zakonika. U ovom se radu analiziraju rješenja Pomorskog zakonika iz 2013. godine o odgovornosti prijevoznika za štetu nastalu zbog smrti ili tjelesne ozljede putnika te za oštećenje, manjak ili gubitak prtljage. Zbog njihove međusobne povezanosti iznosi se i sustav odgovornosti prema odredbama Atenske konvencije o prijevozu putnika i njihove prtljage morem.In order to harmonize the legislation with the EU acquis communautaire, there have been significant amendments to the Croatian Maritime Code in 2013, especially in the part relating to the carriage of passengers and luggage. The Maritime Code refers to the application of Regulation (EC) No 392/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council on the liability of carriers of passengers by sea in the event of accidents during the international carriage of passengers and luggage and domestic seagoing voyages with passenger ships of Class A and B, as defined in Directive 2009/45/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council on safety rules and standards for passenger ships. Since the provisions of the Protocol of 2002 to the Athens Convention relating to the Carriage of Passengers and their Luggage by Sea, 1974, as well as IMO Reservation and Guidelines for the Implementation of the Athens Convention of 2006, have been introduced in EU Regulation No 392/2009, they will be directly applicable in the Republic of Croatia. In the carriage of passengers and luggage in domestic voyages with passenger ships that do not belong to the class A and B, provisions of the Maritime Code will be applied. This paper analyses the solutions of the Croatian Maritime Code of 2013 on the carrier\u27s liability for damage suffered as a result of the death or personal injury and for damage, shortage or loss of luggage. Because of their interconnectedness, the liability system under the provisions of the Athens Convention relating to the Carriage of Passengers and their Luggage by Sea is also explained

DAS FÜR DIE AUSSERVERTRAGLICHE HAFTUNG FÜR SCHÄDEN IM BINNENSCHIFFFAHRT MASSGEBENDE RECHT – KROATISCHE LÖSUNGEN DE LEGE LATA UND DE LEGE FERENDA

Promet unutarnjim vodama smatra se jednim od najsigurnijih načina prijevoza, no ipak su i ovdje moguće nezgode, odnosno nastanak štete. Rijeke Drava, Dunav i Sava, koje protječu kroz Republiku Hrvatsku plovni su putovi od međunarodnog značenja, a ujedno je riječ i o graničnim rijekama. Postoji stoga velika mogućnost da dođe do spora s međunarodnim obilježjem. Slučajevi izvanugovorne odgovornosti za štetu obuhvaćaju odgovornost za smrt i tjelesne ozljede osoba,oštećenje stvari (oštećenje obala, lukobrana, lučkih uređaja, plutajućih objekata i sl.), onečišćenje riječnog okoliša i sudar plovila. U radu će se analizirati odredbe o mjerodavnom pravu za izvanugovornu odgovornost za štetu u plovidbi unutarnjim vodama prema relevantnim izvorima prava unutarnje plovidbe i međunarodnog privatnog prava. Nadalje se daje prikaz izvora europskoga međunarodnog deliktnog privatnog prava sadržanog u sekundarnom pravu Europske unije (Uredba Rim II), koji će se primjenjivati i u Republici Hrvatskoj nakon njenog ulaska u Europsku uniju. Također će biti navedene i objašnjene najvažnije poveznice te prednosti i nedostaci pojedinih rješenja. Budući da je jedan od temeljnih problema pravnoga okvira plovidbe unutarnjim vodama neunificiranost propisa koji reguliraju ovu materiju te brojne pravne praznine, u ovomse radu iznose prijedlozi za izmjene, odnosno dopune domaćih propisa.Although inland water transport is considered to be one of the safest transportation ways, accidents i.e. injuries can happen there. The Drava, the Danube and the Sava rivers, which flow through Croatia, are waterways of international importance and border rivers at the same time. Consequently, there is always a great possibility of an international dispute. Examples of noncontractual liability for damage comprises liability for death and physical injuries, damage to objects (damage of banks, breakwaters, port facilities, floating objects etc.), pollution of river environment and vessel collision. The paper analyzes regulations in applicable law to non-contractual liability for damage in inland water transport according to applicable legal sources of inland transport and international law of persons. The most important links have also been dealt with as well as advantages and disadvantages of particular solutions. Since one of the essential issues of the legal framework regarding inland water transport is non-uniformity of regulations and numerous legal voids, this work conveys suggestions for changes i.e. amandments to national legislation.Der Binnenschifffahrt wird als ein der sichersten Transportweisen betrachtet, trotzdem sind auch hier Unfälle, bzw. Schäden möglich. Die Flüsse Drau, die Donau und die Sawa, die durch Kroatien fließen, sind die Wasserwege von internationaler Bedeutung und gleichzeitig auch die Grenzflüsse. Aus diesem Grunde besteht auch eine große Möglichkeit für die Streitigkeiten mit internationalen Merkmalen. Die Fälle der ausservertraglichen Haftung für die Schäden umfassen die Haftung im Todesfalle und im Falle der Körperverletzung von Personen, Schädigung der Sachen (Schädigung von Ufern, Wellenbrechern, Hafeneinrichtungen, den obenaufschwimmenden Objekten, usw.), Verunreinigung der Flussumwelt, Zusammmenstoß von Schiffen, usw. In der Arbeit werden die Bestimmungen über die ausservertragliche Haftung für die Schäden bei der Binnenschifffahrt nach den relevanten Quellen des Binnenschifffahrtsrechts und des Internationalen Privatrechts analysiert. Desgleichen werden in der Arbeit die wichtigsten Verknüpfungen sowie alle Vorteile und Nachteile einzelner Lösungen angegeben und geklärt. Da die Uneinheitlichkeit der Vorschriften und zahlreiche Gesetzeslücken grundlegende Probleme der rechtlichen Lösungen bezüglich der Binnenschifffahrt sind, werden in diesem Beitrag Vorschläge für Änderungen, bzw. Ergänzungen von einheimischen Vorschriften dargelegt

the LIABILITY OF THE CARRIER FOR DAMAGE ON THE PHYSICAL INTE GRITY OF PASSENGERS AND TO LUGGAGE UNDER PROVISIONS OF THE CROATIAN MARITIME CODE OF 2013

Radi usklađivanja zakonodavstva s pravnom stečevinom Europske unije došlo je do značajnih izmjena i dopuna Pomorskog zakonika 2013. godine posebno u dijelu koji se odnosi na prijevoz putnika i prtljage. Naime, Pomorski zakonik upućuje na primjenu Uredbe br. 392/2009 Europskog Parlamenta i Vijeća o odgovornosti prijevoznika u prijevozu putnika morem u slučaju nesreća kod prijevoza putnika i prtljage u međunarodnoj plovidbi i nacionalnoj plovidbi brodovima klase A i B kako su definirani Direktivom 2009/45/EZ Europskoga parlamenta i Vijeća o sigurnosnim pravilima i normama za putničke brodove. Budući da su u Uredbu EU br. 392/2009 unesene odredbe Protokola iz 2002. godine Atenskoj konvenciji o prijevozu putnika i njihove prtljage morem iz 1974. godine kao i Rezerva i Smjernice IMO-a za provedbu Atenske konvencije iz 2006. godine, one će se izravno primjenjivati i u Republici Hrvatskoj. Na prijevoz putnika i prtljage u nacionalnoj plovidbi brodovima koji ne spadaju u klasu A i B primjenjuju se odredbe Pomorskog zakonika. U ovom se radu analiziraju rješenja Pomorskog zakonika iz 2013. godine o odgovornosti prijevoznika za štetu nastalu zbog smrti ili tjelesne ozljede putnika te za oštećenje, manjak ili gubitak prtljage. Zbog njihove međusobne povezanosti iznosi se i sustav odgovornosti prema odredbama Atenske konvencije o prijevozu putnika i njihove prtljage morem.In order to harmonize the legislation with the EU acquis communautaire, there have been significant amendments to the Croatian Maritime Code in 2013, especially in the part relating to the carriage of passengers and luggage. The Maritime Code refers to the application of Regulation (EC) No 392/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council on the liability of carriers of passengers by sea in the event of accidents during the international carriage of passengers and luggage and domestic seagoing voyages with passenger ships of Class A and B, as defined in Directive 2009/45/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council on safety rules and standards for passenger ships. Since the provisions of the Protocol of 2002 to the Athens Convention relating to the Carriage of Passengers and their Luggage by Sea, 1974, as well as IMO Reservation and Guidelines for the Implementation of the Athens Convention of 2006, have been introduced in EU Regulation No 392/2009, they will be directly applicable in the Republic of Croatia. In the carriage of passengers and luggage in domestic voyages with passenger ships that do not belong to the class A and B, provisions of the Maritime Code will be applied. This paper analyses the solutions of the Croatian Maritime Code of 2013 on the carrier\u27s liability for damage suffered as a result of the death or personal injury and for damage, shortage or loss of luggage. Because of their interconnectedness, the liability system under the provisions of the Athens Convention relating to the Carriage of Passengers and their Luggage by Sea is also explained

Odgovornost prijevoznika za štete na tjelesnom integritetu putnika i prtljazi prema odredbama hrvatskog pomorskog zakonika iz 2013. godine

Radi usklađivanja zakonodavstva s pravnom stečevinom Europske unije došlo je do značajnih izmjena i dopuna Pomorskog zakonika 2013. godine posebno u dijelu koji se odnosi na prijevoz putnika i prtljage. Naime, Pomorski zakonik upućuje na primjenu Uredbe br. 392/2009 Europskog Parlamenta i Vijeća o odgovornosti prijevoznika u prijevozu putnika morem u slučaju nesreća kod prijevoza putnika i prtljage u međunarodnoj plovidbi i nacionalnoj plovidbi brodovima klase A i B kako su definirani Direktivom 2009/45/EZ Europskoga parlamenta i Vijeća o sigurnosnim pravilima i normama za putničke brodove. Budući da su u Uredbu EU br. 392/2009 unesene odredbe Protokola iz 2002. godine Atenskoj konvenciji o prijevozu putnika i njihove prtljage morem iz 1974. godine kao i Rezerva i Smjernice IMO-a za provedbu Atenske konvencije iz 2006. godine, one će se izravno primjenjivati i u Republici Hrvatskoj. Na prijevoz putnika i prtljage u nacionalnoj plovidbi brodovima koji ne spadaju u klasu A i B primjenjuju se odredbe Pomorskog zakonika. U ovom se radu analiziraju rješenja Pomorskog zakonika iz 2013. godine o odgovornosti prijevoznika za štetu nastalu zbog smrti ili tjelesne ozljede putnika te za oštećenje, manjak ili gubitak prtljage. Zbog njihove međusobne povezanosti iznosi se i sustav odgovornosti prema odredbama Atenske konvencije o prijevozu putnika i njihove prtljage morem

Problems of the Legal (Non)Regulation of (Micro)Plastics in the Marine and River Environment

Trajnost plastike, sposobnost plastičnog otpada da »putuje« rijekama i prelazi velike udaljenosti, kao i da se skuplja u morima te dugo ostaje u okolišu, predstavlja veliku opasnost, ali i izazov kako bi se ovaj problem riješio na globalnom nivou. Mikroplastika je dio, odnosno komadić plastike manji od 5 mm, a ovaj naziv koristi se i za sve »male« komade plastike. Posljednjih godina raste svijest o tome da količinu plastičnog otpada treba hitno smanjiti, posebno u morskom okolišu. Najveći izvor onečišćenja mora su rijeke, odnosno izvori s kopna. U rijeke dospijevaju velike količine plastike, a njihovo konačno odredište također je more. U radu se iznose podaci o podjeli i vrstama plastike, količinama plastike u morskom okolišu te problemima koji se ovdje javljaju. Bit će riječi i o onečišćenju morskog okoliša i morskom otpadu i onečišćenju riječnog okoliša. Soft law dominira globalnim naporima za rješavanje problema morskog otpada. Trenutačno ne postoji međunarodni ugovor koji regulira onečišćenje okoliša plastikom, ali postoji niz propisa koji, među ostalim, sadrže odredbe o sprečavanju onečišćenja morskog okoliša. Cilj je rada analizirati ključne odredbe relevantnih međunarodnih izvora prava koji reguliraju onečišćenje i morskog okoliša i riječnog okoliša. Promotrit će se sadrže li odredbe koje se odnose na (mikro)plastiku i plastični otpad te pružaju li one dovoljan pravni okvir za sprečavanje onečišćenja mora i rijeka plastikom. Posebno će se analizirati najvažnije europske direktive, kao i zakoni Republike Hrvatske koji se odnose na onečišćenje mora, voda i na otpad. Na kraju se iznose prijedlozi za rješavanje problema plastike u okolišu i bolju pravnu regulaciju.The durability of plastics, plastic litter’s ability to “travel” on rivers and across long distances as well as to accumulate in the seas and remain in the environment for a long period pose a great danger, the solution to which raises a challenge at the global level. Microplastic is a part or piece of plastic smaller than 5 mm, although this name is also used for all “small” pieces of plastic. In recent years, there has been growing awareness that plastic waste needs to be urgently reduced, especially in the marine environment. The primary source of marine pollution is rivers, i.e., land-based sources. Large amounts of plastic flow into rivers, and their final destination is the seas. This paper presents data on the categorisation and types of plastics, quantities of plastics in the marine environment, and the problems that arise there. Pollution of the marine environment, marine litter, and pollution of the riverine environment are also discussed. Soft law dominates global efforts to address marine litter problems. There is currently no international treaty regulating plastic pollution, although some regulations include, among other things, provisions on the prevention of marine pollution. The paper aims to present the key provisions of relevant international sources of law governing pollution of the marine environment and the river environment. Whether they contain provisions related to (micro)plastics and plastic waste and whether they provide a sufficient legal framework to prevent plastic and river pollution are duly examined. The most important European directives and the laws of the Republic of Croatia relating to marine pollution, water pollution, and waste are presented in particular. Finally, proposals are made for solving the problem of plastic in the environment and for better legal regulation of this issue