The effective restoration of SU(2)L×SU(2)R and U(1)A chiral
symmetries of QCD in excited hadrons is reviewed. While the low-lying hadron
spectrum is mostly shaped by the spontaneous breaking of chiral symmetry, in
the high-lying hadrons the role of the quark condensate of the vacuum becomes
negligible and the chiral symmetry is effectively restored. This implies that
the mass generation mechanisms in the low- and high-lying hadrons are
essentially different. The fundamental origin of this phenomenon is a
suppression of quark quantum loop effects in high-lying hadrons relative to the
classical contributions that preserve both chiral and U(1)A symmetries.
Microscopically the chiral symmetry breaking is induced by the dynamical
Lorentz-scalar mass of quarks due to their coupling with the quark condensate
of the vacuum. This mass is strongly momentum-dependent, however, and vanishes
in the high-lying hadrons where the typical momentum of valence quarks is
large. This physics is illustrated within the solvable chirally-symmetric and
confining model. Effective Lagrangians for the approximate chiral multiplets at
the hadron level are constructed which can be used as phenomenological
effective field theories in the effective chiral restoration regime. Different
ramifications and implications of the effective chiral restoration for the
string description of excited hadrons, the decoupling of excited hadrons from
the Goldstone bosons, the glueball - quark-antiquark mixing and the OZI rule
violations are discussed.Comment: 64 pages. To appear in Physics Report