Genipin-crosslinked gelatin hydrogel incorporated with PLLA-nanocylinders as a bone scaffold: Synthesis, characterization, and mechanical properties evaluation

Abstract

Nowadays, despite remarkable progress in developing bone tissue engineering products, the fabrication of an ideal scaffold that could meet the main criteria, such as providing mechanical properties and suitable biostability as well as mimicking the bone extracellular matrix, still seems challenging. In this regard, utilizing combinatorial approaches seems more beneficial. Here, we aim to reinforce the mechanical characteristics of gelatin hydrogel via a combination of Genipin-based chemical cross-linking and incorporation of the poly l-lactic acid (PLLA) nanocylinders for application as bone scaffolds. Amine-functionalized nanocylinders are prepared via the aminolysis procedure and incorporated in gelatin hydrogel. The nanocylinder content (0, 1, 2, 3, and 4 wt) and cross-linking density (0.1, 0.5, and 1 wt/vol) are optimized to achieve suitable morphology, swelling ratio, degradation rate, and mechanical behaviors. The results indicate that hydrogel scaffold cross-linking by 0.5 wt of Genipin shows optimized morphological feathers with a pore size of around 300 to 500 μm as well as an average degradation rate (40.09 ± 3.08) during 32 days. Besides, the incorporation of 3 wt PLLA nanocylinders into the cross-linked gelatin scaffold provides an optimized mechanical reinforcement as compressive modulus, and compressive strength show a 4- and 2.6-fold increase, respectively. 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay indicates that the scaffold does not have any cytotoxicity effect. In conclusion, gelatin composite reinforced with 3 wt PLLA nanocylinders cross-linked via 0.5 wt/vol Genipin is suggested as a potential scaffold for bone tissue engineering applications. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons Lt