Apresentação efetuada no "International Symposium of Ecohydrology and Water Security", Wuhan and Yichang, Hubei, China, 2013Chinese Academy of Science

Haie, Naim

Universidade do Minho: RepositoriUM

1International Symposium of Ecohydrology and Water SecurityWuhan and Yichang, Hubei, ChinaOctober 18-22, 2013Naim HAIEDirector, Executive Board of International Water Resources Association (IWRA) Civil Engineering Department, University of Minho, Portugal naim@civil.uminho.ptSefficiency(Sustainable efficiency)a Systemic Framework for Advancing Water SecurityResearch Institutefor Water Security Wuhan University2OutlineIntroductionWhy EfficiencyClassical Efficiency (flawed) BackgroundWater HierarchyEfficiency and Water SecurityEfficiency requirementsNew Efficiency Framework Water BalanceWater QualityWater BenefitsUsefulness CriterionSefficiency / 3ME ExampleReference3Why Efficiency“Efficiency is thus not a goal in itself. It is not something we want for its own sake, but rather because it helps us attain more of the things we value.” Stone (2002) Concept vs Computation4Classical Efficiency (CE) CE = (ET – PP)b / VA (or similar variations)much used: UN, China, EU, USA, etc. CE is flawedi. Lack of generalized application of Usefulness Criterion ii. Mixing up of hydrology and agronomy iii. Incompleteness of water flow considerations iv. Objectives and scale mismatches 5Demand side measures: • Efficiency and water saving (i.e., eliminate, reduce, reuse, recycle) • Pricing policies (effective water pricing policy and cost-effective alternatives) Supply side measures (options): • Infrastructures for “producing” water (dams, water transport between regions, desalinization, …) (EC 2007)The Water Hierarchy6• Aiming "at increasing water security through increased water efficiency" • "Addressing this security nexus [Water, Energy, Food] in a holistic manner will allow for greater efficiency based on systems thinking and prevent unintended negativeexternalities"• Ensuring "equitable flow of benefits"  UN Water (2013) Water Security & the Global Water Agenda. A UN-Water Analytical BriefEfficiency and Water Security7Water Security: a working definition (UN-Water 2013)The capacity of a population to safeguard sustainable access to adequate quantities of acceptable quality water for [the following benefits]• sustaining livelihoods • human well-being • socio-economic development • protection against water-borne pollution• protection against water-related disasters • preserving ecosystemsin a climate of peace and political stability. 8Systemic Comprehensive Levels QuantityQualityBenefitsEfficiency expressions in water resources need certain requirementsClimate ChangeStakeholder Cartoon is published in the Journal Nature; from Luiz Gylvan Meira Filho (2013)Law of Mass ConservationorWater BalanceWater System (WS)FPT DescriptionET Evapotranspiration NR Non-ReusableOS Water from Other SourcesPP Total Precipitation RF Return FlowsRP Potential Return (not to the main source) VA Abstracted/Applied water from the main source VD Volume of water Downstream after RFVU Volume of water Upstream before VAV1 Volume of water at section 1 (VU or VA)  V2 Volume of water at section 2 (VD or RF)  WSriverVUVDETPP OSRFVARPNR(V1 + OS + PP) –(V2 + RP + ET + NR) = 0FPT=Flow Path Type(V1 + OS + PP) – (ET + NR + V2 + RP) = 0 (V1 + OS + PP – V2 – RP) – (ET + NR) = 0 Inflow models (i)Consumptive models (c) [(V1 + OS + PP) – c (V2 + RP)] – [(ET + NR) + i (V2 + RP)] = 0i, c = 0 or 1 with i + c = 1Water BalanceAcute Water Crisis!12Water QualityWater Crisis even without climate change!Nobre, C (2011)13Possible Efficiency Benefits• Protect environment• Reduce new infrastructure • Save energy • Decrease cost (individual consumers pay less)• Rationalize investments • Support economic growth • Create jobs  • Improve cost effectiveness of water service • Adapt to uncertainty (e.g., climate change) • Lessen impact of severe conditions • Allocate water better • Minimize the risks of water scarcity • Enhance conditions for recreation ET NR RBeneficial  ET (crop, landscape)  Evaporation for climate control  Non-reusable deep percolation for salt control (leaching)  Virtual water  Reusable deep percolation for salt control (leaching) Non-beneficial ET (Phreatophyte)   Evaporation (sprinkler, reservoir, excess wet soil) Non-reusableexcess deeppercolation   Runoff or spills to salt sinks  Reusable excess deep percolation  Reusable runoff Reusable canal spillsPossible beneficial and non-beneficial uses of FPTsXq = WqX * X Xb = WbX * X XS = WSX * X WSX = WqX * WbXWq = quality weight Wb = beneficial weight WS = usefulness weight X = an FPT Usefulness CriterionEfficiency (%) defined: ratio of useful outflow to its corresponding total flow SefficiencyMacro, Meso, and Micro-Efficiency (3ME) Applying Usefulness Criterion to the combined WaterBalance equation would give efficiency.(mathematical proof in the paper)   SSRPVDcPPOSVURPVDiNRETMacroE   SSRPRFcPPOSVARPRFiNRETMesoE SSPPOSVANRETMicroE • Macro-Efficiency (MacroE): indicates the impact of a WS on a basin, e.g., the major river where water was abstracted. • Meso-Efficiency (MesoE): indicates, for example, the impact of return flows generated by a WS. • Micro-Efficiency (MicroE): indicates the useful outflow generated by a WS for itself. Haie and Keller (2012 or 2014)Simple Examplequantity Wq WbET 185000 1 0.87NR 0 1 0OS 0 0 1PP 0 1 0RF 420000 0.63 1RP 0 0 1VA 605000 0.86 1VD 4815000 0.84 1VU 5000000 0.86 1%i = 1MacroEs 98MesoEs 81MicroEs 31c = 1MacroEs 63MesoEs 62MicroEs 31(ha-m/yr)19Thank you!More info: https://sites.google.com/site/naimhaie5

Sefficiency (Sustainable efficiency): a systemic framework for advancing water security

http://repositorium.sdum.uminho.pt/bitstream/1822/30430/1/Sefficiency-out-China-18102013.pdf

Sefficiency (Sustainable efficiency): a systemic framework for advancing water security

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