In the paper, we conducted an examination of topographical
conditions of the airport Bled location, using the digital terrain
modeling. A detailed analysis of the ambience around the airport is
done in relation to natural and artificial obstacles (already built
facilities). The ambience is defined by the imaginary surfaces (the
taxiways, takeoff surface, the access surface, the internal horizontal
surface, conical surface and transitional surface of the takeoff-landing
track) through which can not or should not penetrate obstacles. Using the software package Rhinoceros, we modeled out the terrain at the foot of the mountain massif of the Savinjske Alps and the imaginary surfaces of the airport object, whereat possible obstacles were found. This method of 3D modeling gives a better visualization (display conditions on the ground) than previously applied methods of horizontal projection (2D) and methods of cross and transverse profileshttp://mongeometrija.com/media/mongeometrija/2010/moNGeometrija%202010%20-%20PAGINACIJA.pdf

http://mongeometrija.com/zbornici/2010/165-petrovic-obradovic-solving-the-situation-of-airport-bled-by-digital-terrain---modeling-using-the

Obradović, Marija

Petrović, Maja

GraFar - Repository of the Faculty of Civil Engineering

   2 UNDER THE AUSPICES OF: Republic of Serbia – Ministry of Science and Technological Development Faculty of Architecture in Belgrade Faculty of Mechanical Engineering in Belgrade Faculty of Civil Engineering in Belgrade Faculty of Forestry in Belgrade Faculty of Transport and Traffic Engineering in Belgrade Faculty of Applied Arts in Belgrade  3 25th National and 2nd International Scientific Conference moNGeometrija 2010  Publisher | Izdavač Faculty of Architecture in Belgrade Arhitektonski fakultet u Beogradu Serbian Society for Geometry and Graphics Srpsko udruženje za geometriju i grafiku  SUGIG Title of Publication PROCEEDINGS | BILTEN Reviewers | Recezenti Ph. D.  Miodrag Nestorović  Ph. D.  Aleksandar Čučaković Ph. D.  Marija Obradović Ph. D.  Branislav Popkonstantinović M. Sc.  Magdalena Dimitrijević  M. Sc. Slobodan Mišić Editor-in-Chief | Glavni urednik Ph.D. Miodrag Nestorović   Co-Editor | Zamenik urednika M. Sc.  Magdalena Dimitrijević     Text formatting Miljan Radunović, Ph. D. Candidate     ISBN 978-86-7924-040-8  Numbers of copies printed | Tiraž: 100  Printing | Štampa:  All rights reserved. No parts of this publication may be reprinted without either the prior written permission of the publisher.  Izdavač zadržava sva prava. Reprodukcija pojedinih delova ili celine nije dozvoljena.    4 Conference Organizers    Main Organizers Faculty of Architecture, Belgrade  Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Belgrade    Co-organizers Faculty of Civil Engineering, Belgrade  Faculty of Forestry, Belgrade  Faculty of Transport and Traffic Engineering, Belgrade Faculty of Applied Arts, Belgrade    Conference Committees  Executive Committee  Ph.D. Miodrag Nestorović, Full professor, Faculty of Architecture, Belgrade Ph.D. Branislav Popkonstantinović, Associate professor, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Belgrade  Ph.D. Biserka Marković, Full professor, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Niš Ph.D. Aleksandar Čučaković, Associate professor, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Belgrade  Ph.D. Radovan Štulić, Full professor, Faculty of Technical Sciences, Novi Sad Ph.D. Ljubica Velimirović, Full professor, Faculty of Science and Mathematics, Niš  5 Supervisory Committee  Ph.D. Miodrag Stoimenov, Associate professor, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Belgrade  M.Sc. Zorana Jeli, Lecturer Assistant, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Belgrade  Ph.D. Ratko Obradović, Associate professor, Faculty of Technical Sciences, Novi Sad Ph.D. Jelisava Kalezić, Associate professor, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Podgorica, Montenegro M.Sc. Marija Jevrić, Lecturer Assistant, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Podgorica, Montenegro  Ph.D. Ljiljana Petruševski, Associate professor, Faculty of Architecture, Belgrade Ph.D. Dragan Petrović, Associate professor, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Belgrade Dr Mirjana Devetaković Radojević, Docent, Faculty of Architecture, Belgrade M.Sc. Gordana Đukanović, Lecturer Assistant, Faculty of Forestry, Belgrade Maja Petrović, architect, Faculty of Transport and Traffic Engineering, Belgrade   Organizational Committee  Ph.D. Vladimir Mako, Dean of the Faculty of Architecture, Belgrade  Ph.D. Đorđe Vuksanović, Dean of the Faculty of Civil Engineering, Belgrade  Ph.D. Milorad Milovančević, Dean of the Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Belgrade Ph.D. Milan Medarević, Dean of the Faculty of Forestry, Belgrade  Ph.D. Slobodan Gvozdenović, Dean of the Faculty of Transport and Traffic Engineering, Belgrade  Ph.D. Vladimir Kostić, Dean of the Faculty of Applied Arts, Belgrade  Ph.D. Aleksandar Čučaković, Associate professor, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Belgrade  Ph.D. Branislav Popkonstantinović, Associate professor, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Belgrade  Ph.D. Marija Obradović, Docent, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Belgrade  M.Sc. Magdalena Dimitrijević, Lecturer assistant, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Belgrade  M.Sc. Slobodan Mišić, Lecturer assistant, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Belgrade  M.Sc. Biserka Nestorović, Lecturer assistant, Faculty of Forestry, Belgrade  M.Sc. Biljana Jović, Lecturer assistant, Faculty of Forestry, Belgrade   6 Scientific Review Committee    Professor Đorđe Zloković, Member of Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Department of Technical Sciences, Belgrade Ph.D. Miodrag Nestorović, Full professor, Faculty of Architecture, Belgrade Ph.D. Hellmuth Stachel, University of Technology Vienna, Austria  Ph.D. Gunter Weiss, Technical University of Dresden, Germany  Ph.D. Emil Molnar, Technical University of Budapest, Hungary Ph.D. Aleksander Dvoretsky, Kiev National University of Building and Architecture, Ukraine Ph.D. Milena Stavrić, TU Graz, Institut für Architektur und Medien, Austria Ph.D. Aleksandar Veg, Full professor, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Belgrade  Ph.D. Aleksandar Čučaković, Associate professor, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Belgrade  Ph.D. Natasa Danilova, Faculty of Civil engineering, Architecture and Geodesy, Sofia, Bulgaria Ph.D. Carmen Marza, Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, Romania Ph.D. Sonja Gorjanc, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Zagreb, Croatia, Hrvatska Ph.D. Marija Obradović, docent, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Belgrade M.Sc. Branko Pavić, Full professor, Faculty of Architecture, Belgrade  Ph.D. Ivana Marcikić, Full professor, Faculty of Applied Arts, Belgrade  Ph.D. Hranislav Anđelković, Retired full professor, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Niš Ph.D. Miroslav Marković, Retired full professor, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Niš   Ph.D. Lazar Dovniković, Retired full professor, Faculty of Technical Sciences, Novi Sad  7 Topics Theoretical geometry, exposed by synthetical or analytical methodology:    * Descriptive and constructive geometry    * Projective geometry    * Central projection, Perspective and Restitution    * Cartography    * Theory of Polyhedra    * Fractal geometry Geometry and Graphics applied in Engineering and Architecture:    * Engineering graphics    * Computational geometry (algorithms, computer modeling of abstract geometrical objects, structures, procedures and operations)    * Computer Aided Design and Drafting; Geometric and Solid Modeling; Product Modeling; Image Synthesis; Pattern Recognition; Digital Image Processing; Graphics Standards; Scientific and Technical Visualization    * Kinematics Geometry and Mechanisms    * Applications of Polyhedra theory    * Fractals    * Computational restitution    * Stereoscopy and Stereography    * Virtual reality Geometry applied in Visual Arts and Design:    * Theory and application of Visual Aesthetics    * Geometrical and mathematical criteria of Aesthetic values    * Perception and meaning of colors    * Geometrical forms applied in Visual Arts    * Optical illusions and its applications History of Geometry:    * Famous scientist and their contribution     * Origin, derivation and development of particular geometrical branches     * History of geometrical education Education and didactics:    * Descriptive Geometry and Graphics Education, including the Reform of Education           * Education Technology Research    * Multimedia Educational Software Development    * Virtual Reality Educational Systems    * Educational Software Development Tools Research and so on  555 SOLVING THE SITUATION OF AIRPORT BLED BY DIGITAL TERRAIN MODELING USING THE SOFTWARE PACKAGE RINOCEROS  Maja Petrović123 Marija Obradović124   RESUME  In the paper, we conducted an examination of topographical conditions of the airport Bled location, using the digital terrain modeling. A detailed analysis of the ambience around the airport is done in relation to natural and artificial obstacles (already built facilities). The ambience is defined by the imaginary surfaces (the taxiways, takeoff surface, the access surface, the internal horizontal surface, conical surface and transitional surface of the takeoff-landing track) through which can not or should not penetrate obstacles.   Using the software package Rhinoceros, we modeled out the terrain at the foot of the mountain massif of the Savinjske Alps and the imaginary surfaces of the airport object, whereat possible obstacles were found. This method of 3D modeling gives a better visualization (display conditions on the ground) than previously applied methods of horizontal projection (2D) and methods of cross and transverse profiles.   Key words: airport, terrain, imaginary surface, starting-touch down path                                                 123 Assistant Trainee, Faculty of Transport and Traffic Engineering, Belgrade, Serbia 124 Associate Professor, PhD, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Belgrade, Serbia  556 1. INTRODUCTION: 3D MODELING   "Three dimensional modeling and animation are challenging. An attempt to transpose your vision of the universe into the pixels is partly science and partly art, and requires a lot of persistence. " John Kundert – Gibbs  Generating the abstract images made out of dots (pixels) has progressed a great deal since 1960. when the development of computer graphics started. With the development of general techniques and specialized algorithms to generate and manipulate images, Computer Graphics has become a useful, practical discipline. The process of creating a surface with 3D properties (generating the model of a real object) by using various software packages in the Computer Graphics is called: geometric modeling. A model formed in this manner is presented by rendering, as an image or series of images (i.e. animation). Rendering is another important process in computer graphics and stands for the process of transposing a 3D model in 2D image. The most common software packages for 3D modeling (in engineering) on the Windows platform today are: Maya, Rhinoceros, SolidWorks,3D Studio Max, AutoCAD, ArchiCAD, ...   557  Figure 1 - Graphic User Interface of the Rhinoceros Program This paper deals with the description of modeling the airport and terrain surfaces at the foot of the mountain massif of the Savinjske Alps, using the Rhinoceros software package.   1.1 Forming The Imaginary Surfaces Of The Bled Airport Detailed examination of the ambience around the airport is done in relation to natural and artificial obstacles (already built facilities). The assigned tract is, further, defined by the imaginary surfaces: the taxiways, takeoff surface, the access surface, the internal horizontal surface, conical surface and transitional surface of the takeoff-landing track, through which can not or should not penetrate obstacles. The shape and dimensions of these surfaces depend on the adopted airport markings which are determined by the length of the selected takeoff-landing tracks. On the location of Bled, the topographic conditions permit construction of an airport of type C125 and the length of the takeoff-landing track should be 1300m.                                             125 The International Organization of Civil Air Navigation [7] gives the label to airports on the basis of physical characteristics that are related to the length of the takeoff-landing track, which is used in planning purposes, and is determined by the performance of applicable aircraft in the standard conditions.   558 Based on the terrain map for the location, and the defined takeoff-landing track’s surface (Figure 2) the 3D model is created.  Figure 2 – The Access Surface to the Bled Airport Location (Taken from [4])  Figure 3. – The imaginary Surfaces of the takeoff-landing track (Top View)  1.2  Modeling The Topographic Surface Terrain model was created using the contour lines conveyed from the given maps, and using supporting tools of RhinoTerrain 1.5: Digital Terrain Modeling for Rhino 4.0 Plugin.                                                                                                              559 The contour lines are imported as splines, to which the corresponding elevations are added. The modeled terrain for such given conditions can be observed on the following Figures 4 (a-e).  Figure 4 –a) The Top View Of The Airport Bled Location  Figure 4 –b) The Front View Of The Airport Bled Location   Figure 4 –c) The Right View Of The Airport Bled Location  560  Figure 4 –d) The Perspective View Of The Airport Bled Location  Figure 4 –e) The Perspective View Of The Airport Bled Location – Materialized  RhinoTerrain 1.5 enables faster modeling of topographic surfaces, better productivity, and more features which include 126:                                               126 http://www.rhino3d.com/resources/display.asp?language=&listing=4601   561 ·         Fast terrain creation with Constrained Delaunay triangulation (>2 million triangles per second ) with hard and soft breaklines. ·         Fast contour curve generation that works on large terrain meshes ·         Gridded terrain with user x,y step definition, ideal for NURBS surface terrain generation ·         Fast terrain viewshed analysis for impact study          Terrain slope and height analysis ·         Stepped terrain generation from contour lines, ideal for architectural presentations ·         Shaded contour lines display ·         Terrain filtering ·         Cut and fill volume computations ·         Import of 3D GIS data (ArcInfo, USGS DEM, IGN Bd Alti) ·         Import of Leica 3D scanner in colored RGB point cloud ·         Ultra fast mesh terrain tiling with geo-referenced orthophoto support to name the most important.   2. ANALYSIS OF THE OBSTACLES ON THE BASIS OF 3D MODEL  For the safe functioning of the access and landing operations, and to takeoff and fly the aircraft at an airport, it is necessary to provide, in the close vicinity, the air space – the space with no present obstacles. The horizontal projection method, previously used for solving the "pure" air space, required a performance of a number of elevations’ verifications, concerning the access and the transition surfaces above the ground’s elevation. The survey was conducted on the basis of a numerous cross sections, in order to determine whether there were obstacles, both natural (the surrounding terrain) or artificial (already constructed facilities).   The method of 3D modeling (terrain and takeoff-landing tracks - TLT) is significantly more effective, because the potential barriers that threaten or restrict air traffic can be immediately spotted.  562 In the Figure 5, the airport’s imaginary surfaces, the takeoff – landing tracks are presented, altogether with the assigned terrain. The 3D model and animation were done for the purpose of the subject ‘Airports’, on the Department of Air Transport, (Faculty of Transport and Traffic Engineering, Belgrade, Serbia).    a) Top View  b) Perspective  Figure 5.  -  3D Model Of The Terrain And The TLT  3. CONCLUSIONS  563  With the modern modeling tools, we have performed some longtime used visualization methods (horizontal projection method and the method of cross-profiles) to provide:  Fast and efficient identification of barriers,   Possible correction of the location and orientation of the airport   Convincing display of the particular problem. We have also shown a practical link between the classical procedures of Descriptive Geometry and new digital techniques.  AFFILIATIONS The first author is grateful to mr. Feđa Netjasov, assistant on the Faculty of Transport and Traffic Engineering in Belgrade with the Department of Airports and Air Navigation Safety, for the helpful tips and information. The second author is supported by the project MNTRS No.16009. REFERENCES 1. Herrera M.H.: Geometría Informática Arquitectónica (Representación y construcción de superfices topográficas en Rhinoceros), Aplicable a un curso de Geometría Descriptiva, Universidad Politecnica de Madrid, 2007., p. 124-133  2. Salomon D.: Curves and Surfaces for Computer Graphics, Springer, New York, 2006.  3. Kundert – Gibbs J., Lee P.: Maya 5 Savvy, Saybex, 2004.  4. Tošić V., Babić O.: Priručnik za izradu godišnjeg zadatka iz predmeta Vazduhoplovna pristaništa, Saobraćajni fakultet, Beograd, 1980. 5. Tošić V.: Aerodromi, Savezna uprava za kontrolu letenja, Beograd, 1978.  6. Tošić V.: Primena kotirane projekcije u ispitivanju lokacije poletno – sletne staze u odnosu na eventualne prepreke, Saobraćaj, br.5, Beograd, 1972., str 129-133. 7. Annex 14 to the Convection on International Civil Aviation – Aerodromes, Volume 1:  Aerodrome Design and Operations, Inernational civil Aviation Organization, Montreal, 2004   564 8. http://www.rhino3d.com/ 9. http://www.rhinoterrain.com/page413-0-press.html 

Solving the Situation of Airport Bled by Digital Terrain Modeling Using the Software Package Rinoceros

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Solving the Situation of Airport Bled by Digital Terrain Modeling Using the Software Package Rinoceros

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