DergiPark: 379034tmsjAims: The aim of this study is to determine the age influence on the development of the muscle strength in biceps and on the representation of the subcutaneous adipose tissue.Methods: The study was carried out in Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad between October 2014- January 2015 and included 20 females between the ages of 18 - 25 years and 20 females between the ages of 50 – 60. For each subject, anthropometric parameters were determined, as well as dynamometric parameters of the biceps muscle strength, the ultrasound dimensions of the biceps and the thickness of subcutaneous adipose tissue. Caliper was used to determine the percentage of body fat based on skinfolds around the biceps. The collected data were then statistically analyzed.Results: There was greater representation of body fat mass in older (30%±7.2) compared to younger women (20%±7) and these values were statistically significant. The ultrasound revealed statistically significant age differences; older women have greater values of subcutaneous fat (1.5±0.26mm) and dimensions of biceps (31.03±3.9mm) than younger women with values of subcutaneous fat (1.2±0.1mm) and dimensions of biceps (29.04±4.2mm). There was greater mean value of muscular strength of biceps in younger women (35±6kg) compared to older women (32±8.5kg). It was established that there was a positive statistically significant correlation between body fat percentage and thickness of adipose tissue (r=0.55) (p lt;0.05), as well as between mean muscular strength and ultrasound measurement of biceps (r=0.37) (p lt;0.05).Conclusion: Older women have greater representation of subcutaneous adipose tissue, while younger women have greater muscle strength of bicep

Klašnja, Aleksandar

Perovi?, ?ura?

TURKISH MEDICAL STUDENT JOURNAL

English

Trakya University Academic Open Access System

14 THE INFLUENCE OF AGE ON THE REPRESENTATION OF SUBCUTANEOUS ADIPOSE TISSUE AND MUSCLE STRENGTH OF BICEPS IN FEMALES Đurađ Perović1, Aleksandar Klašnja2ABSTRACTAims: The aim of this study is to determine the age influence on the development of the muscle strength in biceps and on the representation of the subcutaneous adipose tissue.Methods: The study was carried out in Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad between October 2014- January 2015 and included 20 females between the ages of 18 - 25 years and 20 females between the ages of 50 – 60. For each subject, anthropometric parameters were determined, as well as dynamometric parameters of the biceps muscle strength, the ultrasound dimensions of the biceps and the thickness of subcutaneous adipose tissue. Caliper was used to determine the percentage of body fat based on skinfolds around the biceps. The collected data were then statistically analyzed.Results: There was greater representation of body fat mass in older (30%±7.2) compared to younger women (20%±7) and these values were statistically significant. The ultrasound revealed statistically significant age differen-ces; older women have greater values of subcutaneous fat (1.5±0.26mm) and dimensions of biceps (31.03±3.9mm) than younger women with values of subcutaneous fat (1.2±0.1mm) and dimensions of biceps (29.04±4.2mm). The-re was greater mean value of muscular strength of biceps in younger women (35±6kg) compared to older women (32±8.5kg). It was established that there was a positive statistically significant correlation between body fat percen-tage and thickness of adipose tissue (r=0.55) (p<0.05), as well as between mean muscular strength and ultrasound measurement of biceps (r=0.37) (p<0.05).Conclusion: Older women have greater representation of subcutaneous adipose tissue, while younger women have greater muscle strength of biceps.Keywords: Body composition, muscle strength, ultrasonographyINTRODUCTION   The measurement of muscle strength and subcuta-neous adipose tissue of biceps can be used to estimate the physical development of the musculature, the rep-resentation of muscle and adipose tissue in young and older women.       Muscular power is the explosive aspect of strength involving the product of strength and speed of move-ment. Power is the functional application of both stren-gth and speed. It is the key component for most athletic performances (1).       Even when unloaded, muscles must still generate enough force to move the bones to which they are atta-ched. The development of this muscle force depends on: the number of motor units activated, the type of motor units activated, the size of the muscle, the muscle initi-al length when activated, the angle of the joint and the muscle speed of action (1).   The muscle biceps brachii provides greater muscle strength in comparison of all muscles of the upper extre-mities. It is one of the most dominant upper limb musc-les, with which we perform the highest number of daily, usual activities. Its main function is to flex the forearm at the elbow and supinate the forearm as the prime mover with synergists to assist. Adress for Correspondence: Đurađ Perović, University of Novi Sad Faculty of Medicine, Novi Sad, SERBIA - e-mail: djukaperovic@yahoo.comReceived: 25.09.2015 - Accepted: 23.10.20151 Novi Sad University Faculty of Medicine, Novi Sad, SERBIA2 Department of Physiology, University of Novi Sad Faculty of Medicine, Novi Sad, SERBIA15   Just beneath the skin and above the biceps there is a subcutaneous tissue which consists of adipocytes and veins.        Skeletal muscle contractile function diminishes with aging, disease and disuse. In vivo muscle contractile fun-ction depends on a variety of factors such as force, cont-ractile velocity and power generating capacity ultimately derived from the summed contribution of single muscle fibers (2).         The aging process is characterized by a decrease in muscle strength, loss of muscle mass (sarcopenia), an increase of intramuscular fat and modifications of neu-ral drives. These physiological modifications can poten-tially contribute to significant impairments in muscle quality (3).          The reliable measurement of human muscle size is essential in determining how muscle mass contribute to muscle function. Although muscle force is prima-rily determined by the physiological cross-section area, the power generating capacity is largely determined by muscle volume. Therefore it is important to obtain re-liable estimate of muscle volume. Anthropometry does not allow any distinction between contractile material, fat and bone, thus cannot distinguish between the musc-le groups. However, these distinctions can be determi-ned with ultrasound (4).         Ultrasonography technique has been successfully used to measure the thickness of human skeletal muscle and subcutaneous adipose tissue in vivo. The observer has to select the measurement site accurately and to find the interfaces between subcutaneous fat and muscle as well as between muscle and bone (5).   The aim of this study is to determine the age influen-ce on the development of the muscle strength in biceps and on the representation of the subcutaneous adipose tissue.MATERIAL AND METHODS   Testing the parameters of muscle strength of the bi-ceps, the ultrasonically measured dimensions of the bi-ceps and subcutaneous adipose tissue was conducted in the laboratory for functional testing in Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad between October 2014- January 2015.    The study included a total of 40 females, who are di-vided into two groups. One group contained 20 people about 21±2 years old and the other group included 20 people aged 54±3 years. After detailed examination, all the subjects were thoroughly introduced to the protocol of testing. The participants voluntarily participated in this study, which was confirmed by the written consent for participation.   For each subject anthropometric parameters were determined: body height (BH), body weight (BW) and body fat mass (BFM). BH was measured by anthropo-metry by Martins with a precision of 0.1 cm. For the measurement of BW, medical decimal scales were used with sliding weights and precision of 0.1 kg. For measu-rements of BFM, the method of bioelectrical impedance was used by device Otron BF300. The values of fat tissue were obtained in kilograms and their percentage in rela-tion to the total weight of the body.   Testing involved the dynamometric measuring of muscle strength of the biceps by using dynamometric device, Dyno Concept 2. All the participants received standardized instructions before the tests, they warmed up in duration and intensity, did 3 trial contractions on the device and are strictly informed about the technique for using a dynamometer. The starting position for par-ticipants was to sit in a chair while relying on the chest. In this position, the subject could achieve the largest en-gagement of the biceps in coping with stress and largely reduce the impact of the contribution of other muscles and body movement put forward in the execution of movement. Each subject performed a series of 5 maxi-mal contractions with the greatest possible force against a constant resistance of the dynamometer. The results were recorded in the software system of the apparatus and were expressed as maximal strength (max) and mean muscle strength (ave) in kilograms, power (watts), speed of contraction (vel) and force (work) which were then used during the analyzing of statistical data.    The ultrasound machine, Toshiba Nemio 20 was used for the measurement of the dimensions of the bi-ceps and the thickness of the subcutaneous adipose tis-sue. During measuring, the participant was sitting and the hand of the participant was placed in the supine po-sition with the back of it resting on her knee. By precisely placing the probe on the pre-established point which lo-cated on the front surface of the upper arm, approxima-tely 60% distance between the acromion of the scapula and the outside epicondyle of the hummers, two mea-surements were performed: the ultrasound visualization 16of the biceps and the subcutaneous adipose tissue. At the same time, measurements were carried out with the pro-be placed in vertical and horizontal positions. After the measurement, average values from the final results were obtained for the dimensions of the biceps muscle and the thickness of the subcutaneous adipose tissue, which were then used for statistical processing.   Caliper was used to determine the percentage of BFM based on skinfolds around the biceps.   The collected data were coded and entered into a database of a personal computer. Statistical analysis was performed using the software package Statistica 12.0 (Statistica, StatSoft®, Tulsa, USA). The results are presen-ted using standard statistical variables such as numbers, percentages, mean ± standard deviation. A test of sta-tistical significance between the two groups was deter-mined by Student’s t test. The correlation between the different parameters was performed by Pearson’s corre-lation coefficient. P <0.05 is considered to be statistically significant. RESULTS   In Table 1; the anthropometric values, BW, BH and BFM percentage measured by the method of bioelectri-cal impedance in both groups are demonstrated. It can be seen that the older women have greater representati-on of BFM (30%±7.2) compared to the younger women (20%±7), while BH is greater in the younger women and the differences in these described parameters were sta-tistically significant (p<0.05).      The age differences in ultrasound measurements, in terms of dimensions of the biceps and the thickness of the subcutaneous adipose tissue are represented in Table 2. It is observed that the older women have greater sub-cutaneous fat (1.5mm±0.26) than the younger women (1.2mm±0.1), which shows statistically significant dif-ferences (p <0.05). The values of the dimensions of the biceps are greater in the older women (31.03mm±3.9) compared to the younger women (29.04mm±4.2) but these values do not show statistically significant diffe-rences between these two groups (p>0.05).   Figure 1 demonstrates the difference in the strength of the biceps between the two groups. The mean value of the muscular strength of the biceps in the group of the younger women (35kg±6) is greater than the mean value in the group of the older women (32kg±8.5) but these values do not show statistically significant diffe-rences between these two groups (p>0.05). The values of dynamometric parameters Power and Velocity were measured and they do not differ statistically significant (Figure 2-3).          Figure 1: Display of the mean value of muscular strength                    Figure 2:  Display of values of dynamometric parameter Power        Table 1: Display of the anthropometric parameters (n=40)Table 2: Display of ultrasound measurements of the biceps and the thickness of the subcutaneous adipose tissue (n=40)17Figure 3:  Display of values of the dynamometric parameter Velocity   Correlations between anthropometric parameters, ultrasound measurements and dynamometric parame-ters were investigated. A statistically significant positive correlation (r=0.78) (p<0.05) is shown between BFM percentage and BW. Furthermore, statistically significant positive correlations were found between the parameters of the ultrasonic measurement of biceps dimensions and BW (r=0.65) (p<0.05), between the values of the dimen-sions of biceps and subcutaneous adipose tissue (r=0.38) (p<0.05), between the values of the dimensions of biceps and the mean value of muscular strength measured on a dynamometer (r=0.37) (p<0.05), between BW and the mean value of muscular strength (r=0.49) (p<0.05), between the BH and the mean value of the muscular strength (r=0.35) (p<0.05). There was also a statistically significant positive correlation between the BFM per-centage and the ultrasound measurement of the biceps (r=0.57) (p<0.05), as well as the statistically significant correlation between the BFM percentage and the ultra-sound measurement of the subcutaneous adipose tissue (r=0.55) (p<0.05).Table 3:  Display of correlation of the measured parameters in par-ticipants(*p< 0.05)DISCUSSION   Anthropometric characteristics, parameters of the biceps muscle strength and the ultrasonic measurement of the dimensions of the biceps and the subcutaneous adipose tissue can be used to estimate the physical de-velopment of muscles, amount of BFM and muscle mass in humans.   Brightness-mode (B-mode) ultrasonography has the same advantage as CT or MRI in visualizing fat and muscle tissues and has been successfully used to evalu-ate muscle thickness in an older population. In addition B-mode muscle thickness measurements are easily app-licable in clinical and field surveys with no dangerous effects and measured values can be significant predictors of limb muscle volume (6).   By analyzing the results of the entire sample, the exis-tence of age differences was established in ultrasound measurements in terms of dimensions of biceps and thi-ckness of subcutaneous adipose tissue. The dimensions of adipose tissue around biceps are about 0.2 mm higher in the group of the older women for than in the younger women and also the dimensions of biceps are higher in the group of the older women about 3mm higher com-pared to the younger women.   Abe et al. (7) compared muscle loss between young and old Japanese women and they had found a higher average value of biceps muscle thickness in older wo-men. The results of their cross-sectional study showed that muscle size of biceps was greater in older women than in younger women which may be considered as in-compatible with our study.    Volz et al. (8) used portable ultranoscope in asses-sing the body composition of college-age women and the mean value of dimensions of biceps on ultrasound in their study is 5.7mm. In their study, they found a hi-ghly significant negative correlation (r=-0.54) between dimension of biceps and body density, while in our study there was a positive correlation between BFM percenta-ge and the ultrasound measurement of biceps (r=0.57) (p<0.05).            Dynamometry is a simple method for assessing va-rious aspects of power. The measurements are simple and comfortable to perform. By dynamometric measu-rements, we found that there was a difference in stren-gth of the biceps between two examined groups. There was also a higher mean value of muscular strength in younger women compared to older women. There was a positive correlation (r=0.49) (p<0.05) between the para-meters of the BW and the mean value of muscular stren-gth and also there was a positive correlation (r=0.35) 18Ethics  Committee  Approval: This study was approved by  Scientific Researches ethics committee of Novi Sad University Faculty of Medicine.Informed Consent: Written informed consent was obta-ined from the participants of this study. Conflict of Interest: The authors declared no conflict of interest. Financial Disclosure: The authors declared that this study received no financial support. REFERENCES1. Kenney LW, Wilmore HJ, Costill LD. Physiology of Sport and Exercise. 5th edition. 2011.2. Miller MS, Callahan DM, Toth MJ. Skeletal muscle myofilament adaptations to aging, disease and disuse and their effects on whole muscle performance in older adult humans. Frontiers in Physiology 2014;5:369.3. Radaelli R., Wilhelm EN, Botton CE et al. Effects of single vs. multiple-set short-term strength training in elderly women. Age 2014;36(6):9720.(p<0.05) between BH and the mean value of muscular strength. Thus, we can conclude that if  values of BW and BH in a participant are greater, it could be assumed that the value of their power in biceps will be greater.   Tibana et al. (9) carried out their study on overwei-ght/obese women who did resistance training for stren-gth testing. They compared their results of resistance training after eight weeks and there were no statistically significant differences on total muscle mass and biceps muscle thickness.   Bioelectrical impedance was used for the measure-ments of BFM and older women, compared to younger women, had greater BFM. A positive correlation(r=0.57) (p<0.05) was established between BF and the ultrasound measurement of biceps.    Abe et al. (7) estimated percent BFM from subcuta-neous fat thickness by using an ultrasound derived pre-diction equation and fat-free mass was calculated. As a result, there was no difference in fat free mass between younger and older women, in their study.   Consequently in this study, it is determined that the representation of adipose tissue increases over ye-ars, while the muscle strength of biceps declines during aging.4. Morse IC, Degens H, Jones AD. The validity of esti-mating quadriceps volume from single MRI cross-se-ctions in young men. European Journal of Applied Physiology 2007;100:267-74.5. Miyatani M, Kanehisa H, Ito M et al. The accuracy of volume estimates using ultrasound muscle thickness measurements in different muscle groups. European Journal of Applied Physiology 2004;91:264-72.6. Takai Y, Ohta M, Akagi R et al. Validity of ultrasound muscle thickness measurements for predicting leg skeletal muscle mass in healthy Japanese middle-aged and older individuals. Journal of Physiological Anthro-pology 2013;32:12.7. Abe T, Kawakami Y, Bemben GM et al. Comparison of age-related, site-specific muscle loss between young and old active and inactive japanese women. Journal of Geriatric Physical Therapy 2011;34(4):168-73.8. Volz AP, Ostrove MS. Evaluation of a portable ultra-noscope in assessing the body composition of college-a-ge women. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 1984;16(1):97-102.9. Tibana AR, Navalta J, Bottaro M et al. Effects of eight weeks of resistance training on the risk factors of metabolic syndrome in overweight/obese women –“A Pilot Study”. Diabetology and Metabolic Syndrome 2013;5:11.

The Influence of Age on the Representation of Subcutaneous Adiposetissue and Muscle Strength of Biceps in Females

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The Influence of Age on the Representation of Subcutaneous Adiposetissue and Muscle Strength of Biceps in Females

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