David M. Williams

Jiro Tanaka

Kensuke Toyoda

Tamotsu Nagumo

Williams David M.

南雲 保

田中 次郎

豊田 健介

The Nippon Dental University Repository

Nomenclatural problem on Conferva armillarisMuller (Bacillariophyta)著者(英語) Kensuke Toyoda, David M. Williams, JiroTanaka, Tamotsu Nagumojournal orpublication titleBulletin of the Nippon Dental University.General educationvolume 38page range 61-66year 2009-03-20URL http://doi.org/10.14983/00000655Creative Commons : 表示 - 非営利 - 改変禁止http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/deed.jaNomenclatural problem on Conferva armillaris Muller (BACILLARIOPHYTA) Kensuke TOYODAl， David M. WILLIAMS2， Jiro TANAKA3 AND Tamotsu NAGUMOl 1 Department o( Bio!ogy. The Nippon Denta! Uniνersity， Fujimi， Chiyoda-ku， To除。 102-8159Japan 2Department of Botany， The Natural HistoηMuseum Cromwell Road， London， SW7 5BD United Kingdom 3 Department o( Aquatic Bioscience， To片oUniversity and Marine Technology Konan， Minαto四ku，あわ10，108-8001 Japan (Accepled Feb. 16th 2008) Achnanthes longipes had had at least thre earlier names， Con(ervαarmillaris， C.st伊itataand Diatoma vexillum， and the ear1iest validly published specific epithet that aplies to the taxon in question is‘armillaris¥But the name ‘longipes' has been in use for wel1 over 150 years. As for the nomencJatural problem， we must be setled careful1y. Here， we show that types of Conferva armillaris Mul1er (1783)， Conferva stipitata J.E.Smith (1808)， Diatoma vexil/um Jurgens (1818) and Achnαnthes longipes C.Agardh for find a solution of the nomencJatural problem. As for many early diatom species names， type specimens represented either on slides or as figures were often not designated in the protologues， hence many have been identified and described differently by subsequent authors. The type figure or specimen， aswel1 as the original description， are one of the most efective factors in taxonomic and other studies for the identification of diatom species. ln this paper we present some typification made a search for the original material around Conf'erva armillaris Muller. Key index 砂ords:Conferva armil1aris ，Achnanthes longipes， Diatoma vexillum， Conferva stipitata， morphology， typification. Nomenclatural problems Achnanthes longipes is one ofthe earliest described species in the genus Achnanthes， appearing as it does in the same publication as the generitype， A. brevipes C.Agardh (Agardh 1824， Toyoda et al. 2005a， Toyoda et al. 2006). However， C.Agardh (1824) published the name A. longipes as a substitute for Conferva armillaris Muller (1783)， C.stipitata Sm. (1808) and Diatoma vexillum (1818) (Muller， 1783; Smith， 1808; Jurgens， 1818; Agardh， 1824; see Figs 1・4in this paper). Conferva armillaris is the oldest described species epithet that can be positively identified as a species of Achnanthes. Although Lyngbye (1819) proposed C.αrmillaris as a synonym of Echinella stipitata Lyngbye， which he thought was Achnanthes brevipes， comparison of the respective illustrations indicates that Muller was most probably observing specimens of A. long伊es，with its many chloroplasts when he used the name Conferva armillaris (Muller 1783， Lyngbye 1819， Toyoda et al. 2005a). In addition， Conferva stipitata， a taxon also identified as A. longipes as it has a long mucilage stalk， was re・62 Buletin of The Nippon Dental University， General EducatioJl Vol. 38， March， 2009 1 a J c a 6 c 2 4 d d e e e 2 d 今いtt- /~pite品。ARat--. 晶.' ・.:子f ti."': is， MulJ.， N. .t¥ct. '.BoliT.・7i-Web.t，M・ eず ， ηM#-P"'''川村山付~tQ， E. B. t. ' 24~& 、 ZJ-J ， 子一戸市山H一一…"…~， ' J.urg_ 6. ";" 二 、 ぃ-Jn mari -)301:伺li. ベ，ミヘ ; 、 4 引法戸Figs 1-4. Original discriptions. Fig. 1.Muller， 1783， figs 6-7. Fig. 2. Smith， 1813， English Bot. 2nd ed.， taf.2488. Fig. 3. Jurgens 1818，Alg.バquat.Fig. 4.Agardh 1824， Syst. Alg named Diatoma vexi/lum by Jurgens (Smith 1808， COf!たrvααrmillarisand C. stipitata by the illustrations Jurgens 1818， also see Figs 1， 2 of this paper). In in Muller's and Smith's plate. as for Diatomαvexillum summary， the nomenc1atural history implies that there by the original materials which was corrected by Jurgens are four specific epithets for the same taxon， and the himself and the interpretation of that type determined ear1iest validly published name is Conferva armillaris. by designating Jurgens's specimens as Achnanthes Another problem is the lack of extant material for longipes type. species， C.armillaris and Achnanthes longipes; only Jurgens's material of Diatoma vexillum has been found in the Natural History Museum， London (Fig. 3). As mentioned above， the between these four species are confirmed here by the typification of each taxa， asfor Diagnosis Conferva armillαris O.F.Muller. Kungl. Svenska VetensAkad. Nya Handl. 4: 84. pl. 3，f 6. 7. 1783. Holotype: [icon in] O.F.Muller. Kungl. Svenska TOYODA' WILLIAMS' TANAKA. NAGUMO Nom巴I1claturalproblem 011 Conferva ωヲ刑la円sMuler (BACILLARIOPHYTA) 63 Figs 5-10. LMs of cleaned material from Jurgens. Scale bar represents 10μm. Fig. 5. RV face. Figs 6， 9， 10. ARVs with no terminal orbiculus. Figs 7， 8.Girdle view with RV (白g.7)， and withARV (fig. 8)， showing the convexARV side and concave RV side. VetensAkad. Nya Handl. 4: 84.王6.1783. =Con戸rvastipitata Sm. in Sowerby， Engl. Bot 23: 35. pl. 2488. 1813. Holotype: [icon in] Sm. in Sowerby， Engl. Bot. 23・35.pl. 2488.1813. = Diatoma vexillum Jurg. Alg. aquat. Nr. VI: 6. 1818. Holotype: no. B民1l01176inBM= Achnanthes longipes C.Agardh， Syst. Alg.: 1 1824. Synonym: Achnanthes vexillum (Jurg.) Bory. Exped. Mor白 3(2):336. 1832. Lectotype: [icon in] O.F.Muller， Kungl. Svenska Vetens.-Akad. Nya. Handl. 4: p. 84，pl. 3，/ 6， 1783. Epitype: Slides of Diαtoma vexillum Jurg. (no. 64 Bulletin of The Nippon Dental University， General Education Vol. 38， March， 2009 Figs 11-18. SEMs from Jurgens material. Almost al individuals were broken. Fig. 11. External view ofwhole frustule with RV uppermost. Fig. 12. External view at tenninal ofthe ARV; no terminal orbiculi. Fig. 13. Valve centre showing slightly expanded raphe fissures， part of the stauros. Fig. 14. Valve end with terminal fissure， curved at one side. Fig. 15. Internal view of the ARV， with sunken areolae slightly. Fig. 16. lnternal view of the ARV showing costae well dev巴lopingin the internal part of the ARY. Fig. 17. Girdle view， a frustule consists of valves with usually more than three copulae. Fig. 18. Expansion ofview ofcopulae， which are occluded cribrated areolae with volae. TOYODA . WILLIAMS ・TANAKA'NAGUMO Nomenclatural problem on Conferva armillaris Muller (BACILLARIOPHYTA) 65 BMI01176 & BMI01177 in BM) (lectotype and epitypes are designated here). (~Echinella st伊itataLyngb. 1819 = Achnanthes brev伊esC.Agardh 1824: see Toyoda et al. 2006) Morphology based on Jurgens material The specimens in Jurgens's (181・8)material were examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM)， although unfortunately， almost al the individuals were broken. However， a description was possible. Cells panduriform to linear-lanceolate (Figs 5， 6)， 77 -88f.lm long and 20 -40f.lm wide， with 6.5 costae in 10f.lm on raphid valve， 5 -6 on araphid valve. Frustule has valves often with three or more copulae (Figs 7，8， 17，18). Valves with bi-or triseriate striae， between costae on the both valves (Figs 1， 12); conspicuous cribrate areolae with volae present on both valves and copulae (Figs 13， 15， 18). Raphid valve concave， with stauros reaching valve margin (Figs 8， 13). Raphe fis-sures， filiform， formed at longitudinal centre of valve (Fig. 13); terminal fissure deflected to opposite side over valve apices (Fig. 14); direction differs in internal view. Araphid valve convex， with rapheless stemum near valve centre (Figs 6， 9， 10); no terminal orbiculous at valve ends (Figs 6， 10， 12， 16). All copulae are open ended at one pole. A summary to solve the nomenc1atuI叫 problemsWe found type specimens from Jurgens material， which is suitable for the selection of epitypes， the ear1iest collection of Achnanthes longipes in existence. It is possible that this material should be referred to as a neotype， but as Conferva armillaris， C. st伊itata，Diatoma vexil/um and A. long伊eswere al referred to the same species by Agar世1himself (see Fig. 4)， lectotype designation seems more appropriate. Reinbold (1893) designated D. vexil/um as A. brevipes， but his c1assification is rejected as there are biseriate striae on the valves of D. vexillum. A. brevipes has uniseriate striae on its valve， thus， these two species are not the same taxon (c王Toyodaet al. 2005a). Achnanthes longipes have had at least three ear1ier names， and the ear1iest validly published specific epithet that applies to the taxon in question is 'armil/aris¥If one was to strictly follow the rule of priority by the International code of botanical nomenc1ature (lCBN; Greuter et al. 2000)， changing the name ofthis diatom 合omA.long伊esC.Agardh to A. armil/aris (MullふThisnomenc1atural change indicate that C. stipitat，αandD. vexil/um would be synonyms of A. armil/aris (c. armil/aris)， and Agardh's description of A. longipes would be invalid. On the other hand， A.longipes represents established practice; the name has been in use for well over 150 years. Introducing confusion is contrary to the intention 0ぱft由heICBN; Artic1e 14.2 s坑ta刻te白s t出ha剖twhich best serve sはta油bi出lit旬yoぱfnomenω叫c1at旬ur閃e".Since the ICBN now allows the conservation of specific epithets (Art. 14.1)， we can do that the name A. longipes be conserved against Co，?舟rvaarmil/aris， C. st伊itataand Diatoma vexil/um as Agardh's name ‘long伊es'hasbeen used and accepted by al subsequent authors and has always been the preferred name;‘armil/aris' ，‘stipitata' and ‘vexillum' has rarely， ifever， been used subsequent1y. In this case， we just submitted the nomenc1atural problem， and we sti1 find a solution ofthis. This must be se凶edcarefully. But， now， inorder to fix the identity of these species epithet， our preliminary arrangement for considering the species epithet was set. We hope that our steadfast arrangement of this nomenc1atural problem wi1 be submitted as another paper near future. Such nomenc1atural problems occur in many species. Therefore， the investigation of old material， extant in herbarium throughout the wor1d， isone of the most important activities in the study of species names and morphology. 66 Bulletin of The Nippon Dental University， General Education Vol. 38， March， 2009 Acknowledgments We are grateful to Dr Richard M. Crawford， Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research， Germany， for providing much giving us a lot of commentarys on in this study. We are also grateful to Dr Patricia A. Sims， The Natural History Museum， United Kingdom (NHM)， for help in finding Jurgens material， and we thank， Dr Jenny Moore， NHM， who facilitated to use of Jurgens material from the NHM. Thanks are also due to Dr Geraldine ReidラNHM，whoprovided the slide numbers from the herbarium ofNHM. References Agardh C. A.， 1824. Systema AIgarum. Lundae Literis 8erlingianis. xxxviii， p.312. 80ry de Saint Vincent de Saint Vincent J. 8. M. 1822. Collaborator in dictionnaire classique d'Historie Naturelle 1: 79-80. Paris Greuter W.， Mcneill J.， 8arrie E. R.， 8urdet H. M.， Demoulin V.， Filgueiras T. S.， Nicolson D. H.， Silva P. c.， Skog 1. E.司TrehaneP.， Turland N. J. & Hawksworth D. L. 2000. Intemational code ofbotanical nomenclature. 138 pp. Regnum Vegetabilc， Koeltz Scientific 8ooks， Gerrnany Jurgens G. H. B. 1816-1824. AIgae Aquaticae， Quas In Littora Maris Dynastium Jeveranam Et Frisian Orientalem AIIuentis R吋ectas，Et In Harum Aquis Habitantes. Decades VI， number 6. Jever (Mettcker). Muller O. F. 1783. Strand-Parlebandet och armbandet， tvanne microscopika strandvaxter. Kongliga Svenska Vetenskapsakademiens Handlingar 4・80-85 Reinbold T. 1893. Revision von Jurgens's AIga aquatica. La Nuova Notarisia Serie lV: 192-200. Sowerby J.， (ed.) 1790-1814. English botany; or， coloured figures of 8ritish plants， with their essential characters， synonyms， and places of growth. To which will be added， occasional remarks by J.E.Smith; the figures by J. Sowerby. London 36 vols. Toyoda K.， Cox E. J.、SimsP. A. & Williams D. M. 2005. The typification of Achnanthes 80ry based on Echinella stipitata Lyngbye弓withan account ofthe morphology and fine structure ofLyngbye's species. Diatom Research 20: 375-386. Toyoda K.， Cox E. J.， Sims P. A. & Williams D. M. 2006. Proposal to conserve Achnanthes brevipes (8acillariophyceae) against A. adnata， A.bαccillarioides， and A. dubia， and with a conserved type. Taxon 55: 527-528 

Nomenclatural problem on Conferva armillaris Muller (Bacillariophyta)

Nomenclatural problem on Conferva armillaris Muller (Bacillariophyta)

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