Brantingham, Patricia

Brantingham, Paul

Ghaseminejad, Amir

Simon Fraser University Institutional Repository

Crime Basket AnalysisAmir GhaseminejadPatricia BrantinghamPaul BrantinghamCrime and Justice System Analysis• Historically, crime analysts and criminal case operations analysts have been limited by small and impoverished data sets. • The development of comprehensive digital records management systems have created big and rich data sets. – Limited computational power remains an impediment to analysis of big data for most justice analysts.– Few conceptual approaches to analysis of big justice data have been developed to date.• We propose crime baskets as a useful approach to understanding big justice data.Events and Baskets of Attributes• Events are occurrences in space time• Events dealt with by the justice system have two aspects:– A Person  aspect– A Case aspect• Both aspects have a basket of attributes– Some attributes are inherent• Person – age, gender, race, weight, height, education, economic status• Case – time, location, specific risk or harm– Some attributes are assigned by the justice system• Person – complainant, victim, witness, suspect,  convict, parolee• Case – civil matter/criminal matter, crime type, cleared by charge, prosecuted, dismissed, convicted, sentenced• We speak of Crime Baskets as a convenient shorthandBasket of Crimes is new concept• Crime Baskets can relate criminal acts but also link to:– alcohol, – drugs, – cars, – residences, – interactions with people• Crime baskets can lead us to exploration of:– Event complexity– Criminal careers– Social service careers– Criminal typologies– Justice system behavior– Social system behaviorCrime Baskets  can be analyzed in many ways:• Individual or Aggregate• Case or Person• Spatial or Temporal • Functional or ProceduralSome Types of crime baskets• Police function – Calls for service basket: principal and subsidiary attributes– Crime mix basket: principal and subsidiary attributes– Charge recommendation baskets (crimes that occur together)• Court level– Charge baskets (crimes that are prosecuted as a group)– Conviction baskets (convictions that occur together as a group)• System handling– Tracing charge baskets from police to prosecutor to conviction– Tracing process and procedure in case handling baskets• Offender baskets (sets of crimes in criminal events)– Occasional Offenders (group crime type baskets)– Prolific Offenders• Individual crime baskets over timeCalls for service basket – RCMP E-Division• Less than a third of CFS would be recorded in the standard crime rate• Current debate on police resources mostly focuses on declining CRIME rate rather than CALLS FOR SERVICE rate157,688 173,14950233 47363050,000100,000150,000200,0002008 2009 2010 2011 2012EventsTotal Calls for Service and Total UCR2 ViolationsSurrey Detachment2008-2012Surrey CFSSurrey UCRViolationsCrime dropped 6%Calls for service increased 10%Big Data• Prior research based on small/ moderate samples• Current research possible on Big Data– Size– Complexity• Can explore variety of possible patterns of offending and justice system responseBasket of Crimes Analysis Using the ICURS Secure data facility• ICURS secure lab• PRIME BC RMS for RCMP E-Division – 182 of 193 police jurisdictions in British Columbia– ICURS holdings are de-identified but entity matched• Data base records all calls for service & all police action• Data base allows entry of up to four attributes for each CFS – these can be event (e.g., crime) type or police action type– Similar to NIBRS in this -- but comprehensive national coverage• Data base contains much detailed information about the event.• PRIME data base can be linked to COUR-BCOverview of CasPR • CasPR is an ICURS developed analytic tool for working with the PRIME BC data base– Originally developed to work with Ministry of Solicitor General Uniform Crime Reporting monthly returns • Provides tools for quickly identifying and analyzing trends in both the prevalence and quantum of:– Calls for Service– Criminal Events– Clearance Rates• Ability to combine crime and other encounters with police involving– Anti-Social Behavior– Nuisance – Drug, alcohol and mental health driven events• Can now do Crime Basket AnalysisBackground on how Crime Basket works in CasPR• Examines all calls for service in BC and sorts through up to four event attributes• Identifies highest types of calls and their associated baskets of attributes• Identifies all entities (de-identified persons) involved in calls and their associated baskets of attributes• Identifies highest repeat offenders by type of call• Identifies entities who are high in multiple types of crimes• Identifies procedural actions associated with crime typesBreak & Enter Residence Theft other under $5,000 1255Break & Enter Residence Theft from MV under 786Break & Enter Residence Mischief under $5000 622Break & Enter Residence Theft of auto over $5000 164Break & Enter Residence Theft other over $5000 147Break & Enter Residence Theft of Truck over $5000 113Break & Enter Residence Theft of Motorcycle under100Future of research• Case history analysis• Trajectory analysis– Offenders– Co-offenders– Crime sets• Unstructured text analysis of description of events in relation to baskets• Other roles of people besides offending:– Complainant– Victim– Witness• Bunch of stuff we don’t yet know enough about crime baskets to realize we need to research as yet!Thank you!

Crime Basket Analysis

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Simon Fraser University Institutional Repository