The mechanical behaviour of the zonular apparatus greatly affects the accommodation process because it moves out from the ciliary muscle and runs into the lens capsule. The zonular fi bres convey the force between the ciliary body and the crystalline lens. For the measurement of the mechanical properties of zonular fi bres is necessary to know its geometry. In this paper we ana-lyzed the network of porcine zonular fi bres with scanning electron and optical microscope. We manifested that the porcine zonular fi bre system differs from human and monkey eyes. The thick-ness of the apparatus of intertwined zonular fi bres is approximately 45 m and the length from the origin to the insertion is about 1.5 mm. Based on these informations the input parameters of numerical modelling can be more precise to clarify the accommodation process

Bocskai, Zoltán

Bojtár, Imre

Kiss, Zoltán

Nagy, Zoltán Zsolt

Sándor, Gábor László

Zoltán Imre Bocskai

Zoltán Kiss

Gábor László Sándor

Imre Bojtár

Zoltán Zsolt Nagy

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SCANNING ELECTRON AND OPTICAL MICROSCOPIC STUDIES OF THE SYSTEM OF PORCINE ZONULAR FIBRES

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5Biomechanica Hungarica VII. évfolyam, 2. számORIGINAL ARTICLESSCANNING ELECTRON AND OPTICAL MICROSCOPIC STUDIES OF THE SYSTEM OF PORCINE ZONULAR FIBRESZoltán Imre Bocskai1, Zoltán Kiss2, Gábor László Sándor3, Imre Bojtár1, Zoltán Zsolt Nagy41Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Department of Structural Mechanics2Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Department of Polymer Engineering 3Semmelweis University, Department of Ophthalmology4Semmelweis University, Department of Ophthalmology and Faculty of Health Scienceszbocskai@mail.bme.huAbstractThe mechanical behaviour of the zonular apparatus greatly affects the accommodation process because it moves out from the ciliary muscle and runs into the lens capsule. The zonular fi bres convey the force between the ciliary body and the crystalline lens. For the measurement of the mechanical properties of zonular fi bres is necessary to know its geometry. In this paper we ana-lyzed the network of porcine zonular fi bres with scanning electron and optical microscope. We manifested that the porcine zonular fi bre system differs from human and monkey eyes. The thick-ness of the apparatus of intertwined zonular fi bres is approximately 45 m and the length from the origin to the insertion is about 1.5 mm. Based on these informations the input parameters of numerical modelling can be more precise to clarify the accommodation process. Keywords: zonular fi bres, bundles, scanning electron microscope1. IntroductionThe zonular fi bres play a major role in the mechanism of accommodation. The force from the ciliary body is transferring to the lens through the zonular fi bre system.1 Based on the Helmholtz theory1 the geometry of the ap-paratus of the zonules is very important at the accommodation process of the eye. For mea-suring of the mechanical properties of these fi -bres – for example with tension tests – we need the geometry e.g. thickness and length param-eters of the bundles. Many papers have been dealt with the analysis of zonules usually with electron microscope.2–6 For the investigation of the mechanical behaviour of zonular fi bres in macroscopic level fi rst of all we need the geom-etry of the network system. There are only very few data about the size of the zonular bundles.7 Our purpose in this paper is to investigate the bounding dimension of the zonular group with three different methods. We used scan-ning electron microscope for the fi rst method and optical microscope for the second and the third one. The network of the fi bre system was not considered in details.2. Materials and MethodsThe porcine eye samples were harvested from a local slaughterhouse. We obtained the globes of the eyes (bulbus oculi) from 6–7 months old, weighing 100–120 kg, male animals. The trans-port time from the slaughterhouse to the labo-ratory was one and the half hours. The trans-port temperature was +4 degree of Celsius and Biomechanica Hungarica VII. évfolyam, 2. szám6ORIGINAL ARTICLESit was held with cooler bag. 20 eyeballs were included in this study. 5 eyeballs were used for the scanning electron microscope analysis and 10 (5-5) for the optical microscope analysis. The remaining globes with obvious deforma-tion or damage were excluded. The network and the thickness of the zonular group were analyzed in three different ways. In every case we took care about the integrity of the zonular network, when we removed – with scissors and forceps – the posterior side with the aqueous humour and the hyaloid membrane. After this step the cornea has been removed at the limbus and fi nally the iris. Samples were prepared and analyzed as quickly as possible to avoid any biological decomposition.2.1. Measuring with scanning electron microscope (SEM)The specimens were fi xed for scanning elec-tron microscopy in 8% paraformaldehyde. The fi xed samples were dehydrated in a series of ethanol dilutions (20%-96% vol/vol), fol-Figure 1. SEM images about the zonular bundles L: lens; Z: zonules; CB: ciliary body7Biomechanica Hungarica VII. évfolyam, 2. számORIGINAL ARTICLESlowed by vacuum-drying. The specimens were mounted on double-sided carbon tape, sput-ter coated with gold and images were taken at various magnifi cations with scanning electron microscope JSM 6380LA (JEOL Ltd., Tokyo, Japan) and with the manufacturer’s software. Figure 1 shows some of the SEM images.2.2. Measuring with optical microscope (OM I. and OM II.)We would like to measure the average thickness dimension of the zonular group as we stated in the introduction part thus we analyzed the samples with optical microscope also (Olym-pus BX 51M, Olympus Corporation, Tokyo, Japan) with two different methods. In the fi rst way the eyeballs were slightly fi xed in 8% formaldehyde solution for 24 hours. After this step the zonular fi bres with the crystalline lens in the slightly fi xed position were prepared because in the eyeball the intraocular pressure causes certain amount of tensile strength in the fi bres despite the fact that after the death the state of rigor mortis occurred during 2-4 hours. In this position we made a section toward the zonules, the lens and the ciliary body. With this method we got a sample what could help to analyse the thickness of the zonular appara-tus with optical microscope (OM I.). Figure 2 shows some of the images and the measured thickness values.In the second way of optical microscope ex-amination (OM II.) we cut the posterior part behind the lens (sclera, choroid, retina and vitreous body) and the anterior side with the cornea and iris from the fresh eyeballs. The hyaloid membrane was removed very carefully. Thus we have the intact (2 hours delayed from the slaughtering) anterior side with the lens, zonules and ciliary body with the narrow stripe of sclera without any fi xative to preserve a na-tive in situ architecture. These prepared speci-mens were fi lled with polyester resin. We wait-ed until the resin become solid and then made a section across the lens, zonules and ciliary muscle. After these steps the specimens were polished with Struers (Struers GmbH, Ger-many) automatic polishing machine then we could analyse the surface of the section with the optical microscope. With this method the thickness of the group of intact zonular fi bres was measurable – without any dehydration – according to the gap between the solid layers of resins (green and black layers in Figure 3). Some of the images and the measured thick-ness values are in Figure 3.Figure 2. Optical microscope images about the zonular bundles L: lens; Z: zonules; CB: ciliary bodyBiomechanica Hungarica VII. évfolyam, 2. szám8ORIGINAL ARTICLES3. ResultsThe thin fi laments run up to the equatorial edge from the interlacing zonular bundles (Fig-ures 1/D and 4/A). In Figure 1/A–B and in Fig-ure 4/B we can see that the zonular fi laments attached to the bottom of the basis of ciliary body valleys. Near the equatorial connections the zonular bundles become more organised and approximately parallel as you can see in Figure 1/E–F until the origin from the ciliary valleys. This roughly parallel structure of the Figure 3. Optical microscope images about the zonular fi bres in the resin cast L: lens; Z: zonules; CB: ciliary body; black: anterior side; green: posterior sideFigure 4. SEM images about the origin and insertion of the zonular bundles L: lens, Z: zonules9Biomechanica Hungarica VII. évfolyam, 2. számORIGINAL ARTICLESzonular network is permanent between the start and the end areas (Figure 1/A–C). The in-terlocking collateral layout is more conspicuous in higher magnifi cation as shown in Figure 5.Figure 6 shows the evidence of the tension force – despite of the rigor mortis – in the zo-nular fi bres. According to the fact that during the preparation for SEM measurements at few samples the zonules injured or torn due to de-hydration. As you can see in Figure 6 the fi la-ments after the disruption became curled be-cause fundamentally tensile force loaded them.The thickness of the zonular apparatus of each specimen was measured in four different posi-tions where the bundles were close to constant size and parallel as we mentioned before. We measured the lowest average thickness val-ue with scanning electron microscope: 33.2±±9.1 m. With the second method (OM I.) the average thickness was a bit wider: 43.2±9.6 m. The third method (OM II.) resulted in an av-erage 73.1±12.5 m thickness for the bundles. Figure 7 shows the mean thickness values and the standard deviations and the minimum/maximum values based on the three different methods.We also measured the length of the bundles from the ciliary muscle to the lens capsule. According to the SEM images we have an av-erage 2.18±0.25 mm length for the bundles. The optical microscope analyses showed 1.92±±0.05 mm and 1.18±0.37 mm average length value (OM I. and OM II.). Figure 7 also shows Figure 5. SEM images about the fi laments and their interlacingFigure 6. SEM images about the torn fi bres, side view and front view L: lens; Z: zonulesBiomechanica Hungarica VII. évfolyam, 2. szám10ORIGINAL ARTICLESFigure 7. Results about the thickness and the length of the bundles (SEM, OM I., OM II.)the results about the length of the zonular bundles from the three different methods in a statistical way.4. DiscussionWe can state that – based on the scanning electron microscope images – the network of the zonular fi bres differs from the human and monkey zonules.2,5 As shown in Figure 1 it is obvious that the zonular network only con-nected at the equatorial stripe of the lens. We can see in Figure 1/D that the zonular fi bres spread at the equatorial line of the lens but their structure is clearly distinguishable from the lens capsule. We also concluded the average thickness of the porcine zonular bundles with different methods. The thickness was noticeably larger with OM II. method than with SEM or OM I. methods. This result was expected because the samples for SEM were almost completely dehydrated and the specimens for OM II. had natural moister content. The OM I. method resulted in the thickness values between the two other methods because in this case the moisture content was also between the other two hence these results served a control mea-surement. All of the used methods have advantages and disadvantages (e.g. hydrated and dehydrated conditions, fi xed and non-fi xed states) but ac-cording to our opinion these techniques are re-liable to estimate the minimum and the maxi-mum range of the thickness of the bundles.The average thickness values are comparable with reference7 who measured the thickness values of bovine zonular apparatus. They have been reported 45–55 μm thickness but it should be noted that they used digestive en-zyme (hyaluronidase) during their preparation technique.The length measured by OM II. method was a bit shorter than the length with the other two methods because at SEM and OM I. analysis the ciliary muscle of the samples was in slight-ly different position. We saw longer length at SEM and OM I. because the crests of the ciliary process were in lower position thus the whole length of the zonular fi bres was visible according to their origin from the bottom of the ciliary valleys. Based on our analyses we can state that the geometry of the zonular bundles is given thus we can measure the mechanical parameters in easier way and we can refi ne the theory of the dynamic accommodation mechanism.11Biomechanica Hungarica VII. évfolyam, 2. számORIGINAL ARTICLESREFERENCES1.  Bocskai Z, Bojtár I. Biomechanical modelling of the accommodation problem of human eye. Periodica Polytechnica Civil Engineering 2013;57(1):1-7.2.  Bernal A, Parel JM, Manns F. Evidence for poste-rior zonular fi ber attachment on the anterior hya-loid membrane. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science 2006;47:4708-13.3.  Curtis R. The suspensory apparatus of the canine lens. Journal of Anatomy 1983;136:69-83.4.  Farnsworth PN, Mauriello JA, Burke-Gadomski P, Kulyk T, Cinotti AA. Surface ultrastructure of the human lens capsule and zonular attachments. Investigative Ophthalmology 1976;15:36-40.5.  Rohen JW. Scanning electron microscopic studies of the zonular apparatus in human and monkey eyes. Investigative Ophthal mology & Visual Sci-ence 1979;18:133-44.6.  Streeten BW. The zonular insertion: a scanning electron microscopic study. Investigative Oph-thalmology & Visual Science 1977;16:364-75.7.  Wright DM, Duance VC, Wess TJ, Kielty CM, Purslow PP. The supramolecular organisation of fi brillin-rich microfi brils determines the me-chanical properties of bovine zonular fi laments. The Journal of Experimental Biology 1999;202:3011-20.The work reported in the paper has been developed in the framework of the project „Talent care and cultivation in the scientific workshops of BME” project. This project is supported by the grant TÁMOP-4.2.2.B-10/1–2010-0009.Zoltán Imre BocskaiBudapest University of Technology and Economics, Faculty of Civil EngineeringH–1111 Budapest, Műegyetem rkp. 3. K ép. mf 63. Tel.: (+36) 1 463-1434

Scanning Electron and Optical Microscopic Studies of the System of Porcine Zonular Fibres

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Scanning Electron and Optical Microscopic Studies of the System of Porcine Zonular Fibres

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