The abelian sandpile models feature a finite abelian group G generated by the
operators corresponding to particle addition at various sites. We study the
canonical decomposition of G as a product of cyclic groups G = Z_{d_1} X
Z_{d_2} X Z_{d_3}...X Z_{d_g}, where g is the least number of generators of G,
and d_i is a multiple of d_{i+1}. The structure of G is determined in terms of
toppling matrix. We construct scalar functions, linear in height variables of
the pile, that are invariant toppling at any site. These invariants provide
convenient coordinates to label the recurrent configurations of the sandpile.
For an L X L square lattice, we show that g = L. In this case, we observe that
the system has nontrivial symmetries coming from the action of the cyclotomic
Galois group of the (2L+2)th roots of unity which operates on the set of
eigenvalues of the toppling matrix. These eigenvalues are algebraic integers,
whose product is the order |G|. With the help of this Galois group, we obtain
an explicit factorizaration of |G|. We also use it to define other simpler,
though under-complete, sets of toppling invariants.Comment: 39 pages, TIFR/TH/94-3

Armstrong M

Bak P

Cohen H

D -N Verma

D Dhar

Dhar D

Gaveau B

Jacobson N

Janowski S A

P Ruelle

S Sen

Sornette A

Speer E R

Stewart I

Verma D N

English

arXiv

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Algebraic aspects of Abelian sandpile models

The Abelian sandpile models feature a finite Abelian group G generated by the operators corresponding to particle addition at various sites. We study the canonical decomposition of G as a product of cyclic groups G=Z(d1)&#8727;Z(d2)&#8727;Z(d3)...&#8727;Z(dg), where g is the least number of generators of G, and di is a multiple of di+1. The structure of G is determined in terms of the toppling matrix Delta . We construct scalar functions, linear in the height variables of the pile, that are invariant under toppling at any site. These invariants provide convenient coordinates to label the recurrent configurations of the sandpile. For an L&#8727;L square lattice, we show that g=L. In this case, we observe that the system has non-trivial symmetries, transcending the obvious symmetries of the square, namely those coming from the action of the cyclotomic Galois group GalL of the 2(L+1)th roots of unity (which operates on the set of eigenvalues of h). These eigenvalues are algebraic integers, the product of which is the order mod G mod . With the help of GalL we are able to group the eigenvalues into certain subsets the products of which are separately integers, and thus obtain an explicit factorization of mod G mod . We also use GalL to define other simpler sets of toppling invariants

Dhar, D.

Ruelle, P.

Sen, S.

Verma, D. N.

Publications of the IAS Fellows

The Abelian sandpile models feature a finite Abelian group $G$ generated by the operators corresponding to particle addition at various sites. We study the canonical decomposition of $G$ as a product of cyclic groups $G = Z_{d_1} \times Z_{d_2} \times Z_{d_3} \cdots \times Z_{d_g}$ where $g$ is the least number of generators of $G$, and $d_i$ is a multiple of $d_{i+1}$. The structure of $G$ is determined in terms of the toppling matrix $\Delta$. We construct scalar functions, linear in height variables of the pile, that are invariant under toppling at any site. These invariants provide convenient coordinates to label the recurrent configurations of the sandpile. For an $L \times L$ square lattice, we show that $g = L$. In this case, we observe that the system has nontrivial symmetries, transcending the obvious symmetries of the square, namely those coming from the action of the cyclotomic Galois group Gal$_L$ of the $2(L+1)$th roots of unity (which operates on the set of eigenvalues of $\Delta$). These eigenvalues are algebraic integers, the product of which is the order $|G|$. With the help of Gal$_L$ we are able to group the eigenvalues into certain subsets the products of which are separately integers, and thus obtain an explicit factorization of $|G|$. We also use Gal$_L$ to define other simpler sets of toppling invariants

Algebraic Aspects of Abelian Sandpile Models

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