Thesis (M.S.) University of Alaska Fairbanks, 2019Particulate matter 2.5 (PM2.5) exposure induces oxidative stress that causes many negative health outcomes such as cancer, cardiovascular disease and neurodegenerative disease. Research shows that dietary antioxidants and an up-regulated endogenous antioxidant response from exercise play key roles in the antioxidant defense against oxidative stress. This study is the first to use an animal model to investigate the cumulative effects of using lifestyle interventions of antioxidant supplementation (Arthrospira platensis) and exercise regimen on the antioxidant response before, during, and after ambient PM2.5 exposure. In a two-factorial, longitudinal design, sled dogs (n=48) were divided into four groups (exercise and supplemented, exercise, supplemented, and control) to (1) test the effects of exercise and antioxidant regimen on antioxidant response after one month of implemented exercise and supplementation protocol and (2) measure the antioxidant response of all groups during and after a natural forest fire event in 2015. Commercial assays for Total antioxidant Power (TAP) and the enzymatic antioxidant Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) were used as markers for the total antioxidant response and the endogenous response at all time points. During the forest fire, SOD was increased 5-10-fold over pre/post-exposure levels in all groups suggesting potential implication for using SOD as a marker for the acute response to environmental stress. TAP was increased in the exercise groups after one month of exercise protocol implementation, demonstrating the cytoprotective increase of antioxidants after repeated exercise.Chapter 1: Introduction -- 1.1 PM2.5 -- 1.2 Oxidative stress and exercise -- 1.3 Antioxidants -- 1.4 Significance and research hypothesis -- Chapter 2 The effects of spirulina supplementation and exercise regimen on the antioxidant response to PM2.5 exposure in sled dogs -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Materials and methods -- 2.2.1 Animals -- 2.2.2 Experimental design -- 2.2.4 Exercise -- 2.2.5 Blood sampling -- 2.2.6 Biochemical analyses -- 2.2.7 Statistics -- 2.3 Results -- 2.4 Discussion -- 2.5 Conclusions -- Chapter 3 Conclusions and future directions -- References
