Deaux, Kay

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Scholarship@Western

TO BE AN IMMIGRANT:GENERATION, LOCATION, AND NEGOTIATIONKay DeauxUniversity of Western OntarioMarch 26, 2009International migration:1965-2000 (in millions)0204060801001201401601802001965 1975 1985 1990 2000Source:  UN Population Division, 2002MACRO LEVEL(Government policy, Social representations)MICRO LEVEL  (self-definition, academic performance)SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGICAL PROCESSES:Group stereotypes, Interpersonal interaction,Collective actionStudying immigration:• From the perspective of the immigrant• Social psychological processes• Group differences-Ethnicity-GenerationGENERATION as a category of analysis that can be approached from a variety of perspectivesThe “lost generation”•Comparison of groups across time• The Baby Boom generation  (1946-1964)• Generation X  (1965-1979)• Generation Y  (Millenials, 1980-2000)•Central concept in demography and immigration studies1st generation:  born in another country2nd generation: born in this country to parents who wereborn elsewhereSOCIOLOGICAL STUDIES OF IMMIGRANT GENERATION• Models of assimilation (e.g., straight-line, segmented)• The new second generation (e.g. Inheriting the City, Legacies)• Model’s analysis of West Indian immigrantsA social psychological analysis of generation:• Comparisons between immigrants who are the same age but a different immigrant generation• Do their situations, experiences, thoughts and behaviors differ?  What differs between immigrant generations?• Ethnic identification• Public and private regard• Susceptibility to stereotype threat“Identity is no museum piece sitting stock-still in a display case, but rather the endlessly astonishing synthesis of the contradictions of every day life.”Eduardo Galeano (1991)Generational differences in ethnic and national identityFirst vs. Second Generation:  Identification as West Indian vs. asAfrican American DefinitelyWest IndianDefinitelyAfrican American1 5First(1.76)Second(2.61)Importance of American identity for Black and Latino immigrants1 7Black 2nd(3.99)Lat. 2nd(4.08)Black 1st(3.16)Lat. 1st(3.46)Not at allimportantVeryimportantBicultural identification and acceptance by others• Dominican and Mexican immigrants in the United States• Too Latino for Americans?• Too American for Latinos?1st Gen. 2nd Gen.Too Latinofor Americans2.81  Too American for Latinos2.83Note:  Latino = Dominican and Mexican immigrantsGenerational shifts in identity comfort(Wiley, 2008)1st Gen. 2nd Gen.Too Latinofor Americans2.81 3.52Too American for Latinos2.83 3.21Note:  Latino = Dominican and Mexican immigrants*p=.014Generational shifts in identity comfort(Wiley, 2008)Feeling too Latino is correlated with:• Perceiving less favorable evaluation of one’s ethnic group by  Americans• Less liking for Americans• Weaker belief in the legitimacy of one’s ethnic group status in the country• Weaker belief in meritocracyPublic and private regard for one’s ethnic groupTHEORIES OF REFLECTED APPRAISAL• The “looking glass self” (Cooley, 1902)• Social mirroring (Winnicott, 1971; Suarez-Orozco & Suarez-Orozco, 2001)• Double consciousness (DuBois)How is own regard for one’s ethnic group related to the views of others?• Study of Asian, Black and White students (Crocker et al., 1994)• Follow-up study with 1st and 2ndgeneration immigrants (Wiley, Perkins, & Deaux, 2008)Correlation of CSE private and public regard:Crocker et al. 1994Whites Blacks Asiansr = .50** .02 .59*** p < .05, ** p < .01Study 1• First- and second-generation Afro-Caribbean immigrants• Comparison with Black sample in Crocker et al. (1994)• Relationship between private and public regard  (Collective Self-esteem scale) 345671st G eneration 2nd G enerationPublic regardt (270)= 4.52,  p<.001Generational differences in Perceived Public Regard(Wiley, Perkins, & Deaux,  2008)Correlation: private regard x public regardBlack students                        .02White students                        .50(Crocker et al., 1994)1st gen. WI students                .31*(Deaux et al. 2007)2nd gen. WI students* p < .05Correlation: private regard x public regardBlack students                        .02White students                        .50(Crocker et al., 1994)1st gen. WI students                .31*(Deaux et al. 2007)2nd gen. WI students                .11* p < .05Study 2• First- and second-generation immigrants from 4 ethnic groups:  Black, Asian, Latino, and White• Comparison of public and private regard (CSE)Correlations between Public and Private CSE in 4 ethnic groups1st Generation 2nd GenerationAsian/PIBlack .51** -.05LatinoWhiteWiley, Perkins, & Deaux (2008)** p<.01; *p<.05Correlations between Public and Private CSE in 4 ethnic groups1st Generation 2nd GenerationAsian/PI .41** .35*Black .51** -.05Latino .30 .14White .44** .05Wiley, Perkins, & Deaux (2008)** p<.01; *p<.05A follow-up study of Black and Latino immigrants shows…• Perceived regard from White Americans drops from 1st to 2ndgeneration (not from own or other ethnic groups)• In 1st generation self-esteem is linked to ingroup regard; in 2nd generation it’s linked to perceived regard from White Americans• “Double trouble”Stereotype threat and academic task performanceEconomic outcomes of 1st and 2ndgeneration West Indian immigrants in the U.S.• 1st generation do much better than native-born African Americans• 2nd generation do only slightly better than native-born African AmericansWhy the difference?(Model, 2008)• Selective migration in 1stgeneration• Dilution of talent in 2ndgenerationBut if….• age is the same• and if neither generation chose to immigrate • and if both groups are children of 1st generation parents….A social psychological analysis of generational differences:• Shifts in ethnic identification• Changes in evaluations by others• Susceptibility to stereotype threat First vs. Second Generation:  Identification as West Indian vs. asAfrican American DefinitelyWest IndianDefinitelyAfrican American1 5First(1.76)Second(2.61)20253035404550Af Am West Ind1st Gen2nd GenMetastereotypes of African Americans and West Indians held by 1st and 2nd generation West IndiansInteraction F = 4.16, p < .05Stereotype threat:Negative group stereotypes can undermine the performance of group members in domains where the stereotype appliesGeneration and Stereotype Threat• 1st generation West Indians will be protected from/insensitive to stereotype threat effects• 2nd generation West Indians will be more susceptible to stereotype threat effectsExperimental procedures:  Stereotype threat (ST) study• Test consisting of GRE English items described as diagnostic or non-diagnostic (manipulation of ST)• Participants: 1st or 2nd generation WI• Experimenters:Black or White• Outcome was % correctStereotype threat:  Performance (% correct) for 1st and 2nd gen. West Indians3032343638404244464850Non-Diag Diag1st2ndDeaux et al., SPQ, 2007Stereotype threat:  Performance (% correct) for 1st and 2nd gen. West Indians3032343638404244464850Non-Diag Diag1st2ndDeaux et al., SPQ, 2007Performance with white vs. black testers:  1st vs. 2nd generation3032343638404244464850White E Black E1st Gen2nd GenWhat did we learn from this study?• Generation (a difference of ~12 years in U.S.) makes a difference in performance of West Indian immigrants• Some relationship with strength of WI identity• 1st and 2nd generation respond to different features in their environmentGenerational differences:• Ethnic identity shifts• Acceptance of identity by others may become more problematic• Perceived evaluation by others may decrease (depending on ethnic group)• Social comparisons to White Americans increase• ST effects for black immigrantsWHY DO THE GENERATIONS DIFFER?  Some speculations• Parental experiences that influence child’s expectations• Different experiences with discrimination• Headwinds (Walton & Spencer, 2009) and Tailwinds• Reference groups and Group identification• Childhood• Entry to adulthood• Mature adulthood• Values• Identities and life choices• Behavior and opportunities(Stewart, 2003)THEORETICAL MODEL OF DEVELOPMENT:AGE WHEN EVENTEXPERIENCED FOCUS OF IMPACTThanks to research collaboratorsNida BikmenAlwyn GilkesYvanne JosephHector MartinezYasser PayneKrystal PerkinsClaude SteeleAna VentuneacShaun Wileyand the Russell Sage Foundation

To Be an Immigrant: Generation, Location and Negotiation

https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1008&amp;context=mer

To Be an Immigrant: Generation, Location and Negotiation

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