This paper looks at program effectiveness results from data collected in 1996 and 1997 during Wave 1 of the Independent Evaluation of California\u27s Tobacco Control, Prevention, and Education Program (IEC, 1998). The issues discussed in this paper are based on certain assumptions about the tobacco-control atmosphere in California. These assumptions are 1) that tobacco control programs and activities do not occur in isolation; 2) that adults and youths throughout California were exposed to more than one tobacco control program or activity; and 3) that the California tobacco con- trol program delivers a consistent anti-tobacco message. Given these assumptions, the issue to be explored is whether exposure to multiple tobacco-control programs and activities will produce stronger anti-tobacco attitudes and beliefs than the effect of exposure to only one program or activity