At least 130,000 people have been killed in the ongoing Mexican “crime war,” and many more have been kidnapped or simply gone missing. Yet despite the significance of these numbers, official reports and news accounts frequently underreport the toll of this war

Bunker, Robert J.

Sullivan, John P.

Scholarship@Claremont

Claremont CollegesScholarship @ ClaremontCGU Faculty Publications and Research CGU Faculty Scholarship1-1-2013VBIEDs in the Mexican Criminal InsurgencyRobert J. BunkerClaremont Graduate UniversityJohn P. SullivanThis Article is brought to you for free and open access by the CGU Faculty Scholarship at Scholarship @ Claremont. It has been accepted for inclusionin CGU Faculty Publications and Research by an authorized administrator of Scholarship @ Claremont. For more information, please contactscholarship@cuc.claremont.edu.Recommended CitationRobert J. Bunker and John P. Sullivan, “VBIEDs in the Mexican Criminal Insurgency.” The Counter Terrorist. Vol 6., No. 6. December2013/January 2014: 28-40.28  The Counter Terrorist ~ December 2013/January 2014At least 130,000 people have been killed in the ongoing Mexican “crime war,” and many more have been kidnapped or simply gone missing.1 Yet despite the signifi cance of these numbers, offi cial reports and news accounts frequently underreport the toll of this war.VBIEDS IN THE MEXICAN CRIMINAL INSURGENCYCounter  eIraqi Security Police investigate a destroyed car used as a Vehicle Borne Improvised Explosive Device (VBIED) in which both occupants died. Photo by: Tsgt Roy Santana The Counter Terrorist ~ December 2013/January 2014  29By Robert J. Bunker and John Sullivan                       exican cartels and                         gangsters clearly use violence to further their business interests.  reats and violence ward o  competition and discourage interference with illegal drug transshipment points (plazas) and distribution nodes.  e cartels have also directly confronted Mexico’s government, leading to a crisis of state solvency (the net result of capacity and legitimacy) that can be characterized as “criminal insurgency.”2So far, the majority of cartel actions have involved small arms—such as the classic cuerno de chivo (AK-47). Mass shootings, grenade attacks, dismemberments, beheadings, and blockades (narcobloqueos) are also common tactics. Additional weapons employed by cartels include both improvised armored  ghting vehicles known as narcotanques and car bombings (coches bomba). In fact, use of car bombs or VBIEDs (vehicle-borne improvised explosive devices) is a tactic that has been employed with varying frequency throughout the con ict. M30  The Counter Terrorist ~ December 2013/January 2014an ambush on the Federal Police.3  e last major VBIED attack of this period occurred on 31 July 2012 in Culiacán, Sinaloa. Other isolated VBIED-related incidents have taken place outside of this period, however. For example, on 14 July 2008 in Culiacán, Sinaloa, two explosive devices integrated with gas cylinders (in an attempt to enhance lethality) were discovered in a vehicle at a cartel safe house.CARTEL VBIED USE IN MEXICOVBIEDs have been employed in several attacks by cartels in Mexico, with the majority of these incidents occurring between July 2010 and July 2012.  e  rst widely reported contemporary Mexican car bombing occurred in embattled Ciudad Juárez on  ursday, 15 July 2010, with four people killed in Sinaloa Cartel o  cer Javier Torres Felix is deported to Mexico after completing his sentence in the U.S. He was immediately arrested in Mexico for pending charges in his homeland. Photo by: U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement32  The Counter Terrorist ~ December 2013/January 2014In our monograph Cartel Car Bombings in Mexico, we tracked 20 VBIED incidents between 2010 and 2012. Two of these incidents involved multiple devices (one in 2011 with two car bombs, and one in 2012 with two vehicle-borne incendiary devices).4   e Mexican attorney general or PGR (Procuradura General de la República) reported 16 car bomb incidents for the 2010-2012 timeframe.5 Use of VBIEDs has virtually stopped since that sequence.  e only reported incident since our analysis of the 2010-2012 incidents was an alleged CNG (El Cártel Nueva Generación) car bomb—actually an improvised incendiary device accompanied by a narcomanta (narco-banner)—detonated outside the Reclusorio Oriente correctional facility in Distrito Federal, Mexico City.6Circle 131 on Reader Service CardA glimpse into the construction of one of these devices is available in a Mexican Cartel Tactical Note focusing on a VBIED recovered in January 2012.  is particular VBIED was meant for detonation next to a police station in Ciudad Victoria, Tamaulipas, but was seized before it could be employed. Photos of the device, hidden in the trunk of a vehicle, were utilized for forensic purposes; however, due to poor photo quality, only a limited analysis was conducted.7A limited number of 60mm mortar rounds, claymore mines, and numerous RPG rounds have been recovered in Mexico. To date, none of these munitions have been reported incorporated into VBIEDs. Conceivably, hand and ri e grenades—both older muzzle-launched forms and modern launched variants—could be bundled together for boosting purposes, along with gasoline and other highly  ammable fuels (such as that found in the July 2008 VBIED incident), to augment these improvised explosive systems.PATTERNS OF EMPLOYMENT reats and Warnings: Cartel VBIEDs have been primarily utilized against Mexican military and police personnel, the media, and businesses to encourage or discourage certain behavior.  e intent is to both threaten and warn against taking particular actions, in order to motivate a shift to activities more favorable to cartel policies and desires. Examples include warning military personnel away from cracking down on a speci c cartel or threatening a newspaper from reporting on a cartel leader’s activities. In numerous incidents in which VBIEDs were left outside facilities, the detonations resulted VBIED DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION e VBIEDs employed by Mexican cartels have generally been low-yield devices—more “bombs in cars” than higher-yield devices that take advantage of the volume of explosives that a vehicle (especially a van or larger truck) can accommodate. Accurate information on the design and construction of these devices is limited. Payload sizes encountered have been in the 10- and 16-kilogram range. Types of explosives utilized include Tovex (a mining explosive), dynamite, and C-4. Electric detonation systems are typically triggered via cell phone activation; however, a Futaba radio controller has also been recovered.  e cartels are also known to possess detonation cord.34  The Counter Terrorist ~ December 2013/January 2014in no causalities; however, the implicit threat of what would happen if unwanted behaviors continued was made clear.Psychological Warfare/Terrorism: Implicit in the above threats and warnings dynamic is the use of psychological warfare (and terrorism) principles to generate fear, terror, and the ambiguity of not knowing when or if an attack might come.  e creation of an ever-present feeling of imperilment induces high levels of stress. VBIED employment patterns represent another cartel capability in addition to the use of direct assaults, snipers, kidnapping, and torture to terrorize and resocialize populations. VBIED employment against a police headquarters building in April 2012, a city hall in June 2012, and the private residence of a chief security o  cer in July 2012—all in the state of Tamaulipas—represents an ongoing campaign to terrorize public o  cials so they become compliant with cartel control.Diversion: Here, a VBIED or incendiary device is detonated to draw a police or security response and thus distract responders from another attack.  is creation of a diversion is similar to the use of narcobloqueos (narco-blockades) to channelize maneuver options and is essentially an anti-maneuver tactic. Narcobloqueos typically involve large trucks or buses and frequently include tanker trucks that are set ablaze to complicate response.8Anti-Personnel Targeting:  is targeting theme can be seen in both the initial July 2010 Ciudad Juárez bombing, which drew in unsuspecting police and responder personnel, and later in the much more sophisticated attack in Nuevo Laredo, Tamaulipas, on 24 May 2012. In that incident, police personnel at a Anti-Vehicular/Anti-Materiel Targeting: In an incident in Monterrey, Nuevo Leon, on 20 October 2011, a Mexican military convoy was drawn into an ambush in which a parked car on the side of a road was detonated. Because none of the vehicles in the passing convoy were damaged, it is not known makeshift barracks at the Hotel Santa Cecilia—a small L-shaped motel—were targeted. Gun re directed at the motel drew them out of their rooms into the parking lot. A small device was then detonated in the back of a pickup truck next to the motel. Eight o  cers and two civilians were wounded as a result. A simulated VBIED at the National Training Center (NTC). Photo by: Master Sgt. Johancharles Van Boers  The Counter Terrorist ~ December 2013/January 2014  35whether the low-yield VBIED detonated prematurely and/or did not function properly or whether this attack was meant as only a threats and warnings incident.2 In another incident, albeit a quasi-VBIED one, in Ciudad Victoria, Tamaulipas, on 6 June 2012, two vehicles at a car dealership were targeted. In what appeared to be an extortion plot, the gas tanks of the vehicles were ignited either by grenades or Molotov cocktails.PATTERNS OF EMPLOYMENT NOT DEMONSTRATEDVBIEDS can be used in more destructive employment pro les than those described above. To date, Mexican cartel use of VBIEDs has been far more constrained than use of these devices by contemporary al-Qaeda-linked groups, as well as the bombings carried out by both Hezbollah and Colombian cartels during the late 1980s and early 1990s. VBIED patterns not demonstrated in Mexico include the following:Mass/Indiscriminate Killing: VBIED casualty  gures in Mexico have been low, with one incident resulting in four deaths, another in two deaths, and a further incident in one death. Upper totals for injuries have been seven in two incidents and three in three others. Numerous incidents have yielded no deaths or injuries. By comparison, the highest fatality- and injury-producing cartel incident utilizing an explosive device was a September 2008 grenade attack in the main square of Morelia, Michoacán, during a festival. In that incident, detonation of multiple fragmentation grenades resulted in eight deaths and over 100 injuries.Anti-Infrastructure Targeting: There is currently no evidence that purposeful anti-infrastructure attacks utilizing VBIEDs—with the intent of destroying buildings or other forms of infrastructure—have taken place in Mexico.  e most similar style incident would be the use of arson by a gang of gunmen against the Casino Royale in Monterrey, Nuevo Leon, resulting in 52 deaths and over a dozen injuries. To place this in context regarding upper casualty thresholds, the most devastating cartel VBIED attack of all time was an incident involving a security building in Medellin, The creation of an ever-present feeling of imperilment induces high levels of stress.Standard and Reverse Polarity ViewsCircle 231 on Reader Service Card36  The Counter Terrorist ~ December 2013/January 2014Circle 343 on Reader Service CardColombia, in December 1989. In that attack, a 500-kilogram VBIED was detonated, killing 59 people and injuring 1,000.  is was one of the largest VBIEDs to be employed in the Western Hemisphere.Suicide/Martyrdom Operations: As of September 2013, no evidence has been reported of a car or truck driver engaging, or even attempting to engage, in a suicide or martyrdom-style operation using a VBIED in Mexico.  e most similar incident may be that of the July 2010 Ciudad Juárez bombing, in which a bound and wounded man was dressed as a police o  cer and used as an unwilling decoy in a “bait and wait” trap to kill Mexican police and  rst responders.9PRESENT AND FUTURE USEVBIED use by Mexican organized crime cartels has been dormant since August 2012, after sustained multiyear employment beginning in July 2010.  e reasons for this “strategic pause” in VBIED use are unknown. Strangely, the pause correlates with the Mexican presidential elections at the end of July 2012 and the subsequent victory of Enrique Peña Nieto, the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) candidate. Also interesting, an earlier period of limited cartel VBIED employment existed in the early 1990s. During that period, VBIEDs A Blackwater MD-530 responds to a VBIED in Baghdad, Iraq. Photo by Master Sgt. Michael E. Best38  The Counter Terrorist ~ December 2013/January 2014 Circle 178 on Reader Service CardThe Rook is custom designed and fabricated by Ring Power Tactical Solutions utilizing the powerful Cat® 287C Multi-Terrain Loader as the base with NIJ level IV armor. The Rook provides the advantage of being serviceable worldwide through the Cat Dealer Network other tactical vehicles just don’t have. The Rook gives you the versatility to handle any situation, with easily changeable, mission-specific attachments that increase job safety. Ring Power Tactical Solutions can engineer and fabricate mission-specific attachments that meet your tactical needs.Shaun Mitchell:904.494.7531shaun.mitchell@ringpower.comRELIABILITY. VERSATILITY. ADAPTABILITY at is, VBIEDs become more valuable when seeking to manipulate mass opinion during a campaign to secure control of turf or a contested plaza. Other tools (such as grenades or individual armed assaults) are better suited to tactical engagements or retaliation for individual transgressions against the cartel.Although the religious fervor of the Knights Templar (Cabelleros Templarios) cartel in Michoacán may at  rst glance raise the possibility of potential martyrdom operations (involving vehicle- or person-borne devices), such attacks may not be likely.  e instrumental violence of the drug wars originates in local contexts, not in the context of global jihad. Furthermore, narcocultura exploits religious imagery to sustain images of social bandits, not religious martyrs. San Nazario is a venerated icon of innate rebellion, but the local context does not mirror the Middle East. Beheadings are used to dehumanize adversaries, not mimic jihadis. Likewise, VBIEDs in Mexico must be viewed in the context of the Mexican criminal insurgency and not forced to mirror global jihad imagery that does not  t.were used by the cartels against one another, rather than against governmental security personnel, the press, and businesses.A cartel’s selection of tactics is driven by the environment. Although Mexico’s cartels have the capability (both knowledge and materials) to conduct Truck bomb in Cali, Colombia, August 2006. Photo by: SeganVBIED attacks, they apparently do not have need for such attacks at the present time.  ey are able to achieve desired results by use of other tactics, techniques, and procedures (TTPs). Both sophisticated and simple variants of VBIEDs—i.e., both car bombs and “bombs in cars”—are better used when seeking to shape strategic space.  The Counter Terrorist ~ December 2013/January 2014  39Circle 146 on Reader Service CardVBIED spillover from the Mexican confl ict into the United States is a possibility. Current probabilities are low—especially since VBIED use has presently ramped down in Mexico. However, gangsters in the U.S. have already employed bombings, and the future may make key U.S. cities or neighborhoods within those cities into contested plazas, transportation corridors, and distribution nodes. An awareness of VBIED potentials, TTPs, and response considerations is therefore prudent, in the border zone and enclaves upstream where cartel-gang interpenetration drives gang warfare. •ABOUT THE AUTHORSMr. Bunker is distinguished visiting professor and Minerva Chair of the Strategic Studies Institute, U.S. Army War College. He is coauthor of Cartel Car Bombings in Mexico (Strategic Studies Institute, 2013), Studies in Gangs in Cartels (Routledge, 2013), and Mexico’s Criminal Insurgency (iUniverse, 2012). He is also a senior fellow of Small Wars Journal—El Centro.  e views expressed in this article are those of the author and do not represent the position of any U.S. government agency.Mr. Sullivan is a lieutenant with the Los Angeles Sheri ’s Department. He is coauthor of Cartel Car Bombings in Mexico (Strategic Studies Institute, 2013), Studies in Gangs in Cartels (Routledge, 2013), and Mexico’s Criminal Insurgency (iUniverse, 2012). He is also a senior fellow of Small Wars Journal—El Centro.  e views expressed in this article are those of the author and do not represent the position of the Los Angeles Sheri ’s Department.ENDNOTES1Molly Molloy, “Th e Mexican Undead: Toward a New History of the ‘Drug War’ Killing Fields,” Small Wars Journal, August 21, 2013, http://smallwarsjournal.com/jrnl/art/the-mexican-undead-toward-a-new-history-of-the-“drug-war”-killing-fi elds, accessed October 8, 2013.2See John P. Sullivan and Robert J. Bunker, Mexico’s Criminal Insurgency: A Small Wars Journal—El Centro Anthology 40  The Counter Terrorist ~ December 2013/January 2014 Circle 111 on Reader Service Card/ct 800.607.8374Learn.    Prevent.        Defend.Prepare for the fight against terrorism on all of its fronts.  From the cyberwar to the economic arena to the frontline,  Southern New Hampshire University can help you be ready for anything.  •   Counterterrorism and Cybersecurity education in SNHU’s  Justice Studies programs  •   More than 180 degree and certificate programs, completely online  •  Corporate and military discounts for eligible studentsVisit snhu.edu/ct to get started on your counterterrorism education.(Bloomington, IN: iUniverse, 2012).3John P. Sullivan, “Explosive Escalation? Re ections on the Car Bombing in Ciudad Juarez,” Small Wars Journal, July 21, 2010, http://smallwarsjournal.com/jrnl/art/explosive-escalation, accessed October 8, 2013.4Robert J. Bunker and John P. Sullivan, Cartel Car Bombings in Mexico, Letort Paper, Carlisle Barracks, U.S. Army War College Strategic Studies Institute, August 16, 2013, http://www.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pubs/display.cfm?pubID=1166, accessed October 8, 2013.5“Grupos delicivos detonaron en México 16 coches bomba entre 2010 y 2012, revela PGR,” Noticias MVS, May 14, 2013.6“Narcos Explotan Coche en Reclusorio Oriente,” El Diario, July 31, 2013.7David Kuhn and Robert Bunker, “Mexican Cartel Tactical Note #15: IED Recovered from Trunk of Car by Police Station in Ciudad Victoria, Tamaulipas (Jan 2012),” Small Wars Journal, January 14, 2013, http://smallwarsjournal.com/blog/mexican-cartel-tactical-note-15, accessed October 8, 2013.8See John P. Sullivan, “Spillover/Narcobloqueos in Texas,” Small Wars Journal, April 1, 2013, and Texas Public Safety  reat Overview 2013, Texas Department of Public Safety, February 2013, p. 18.9Robert Bunker, “Mexican Cartel Tactical Note #5: Indications & Warning (I&W): VBIED Anti-Vehicular/Anti-Personnel Ambush Capability of Los Zetas (Assumed),” Small Wars Journal, October 24, 2011, http://smallwarsjournal.com/blog/mexican-cartel-tactical-note-5, accessed October 8, 2013.Circle 307 on Reader Service Card

VBIEDs in the Mexican Criminal Insurgency

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VBIEDs in the Mexican Criminal Insurgency

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