Dickinson, Tom

Wright, James

English

The aims of this study were 1) to investigate the reliability of the Garmin Vector 3 (V3) pedals, and 2) to compare power output and cadence between the Lode Excalibur Sport ergometer and the V3 pedals. Seven male cyclists completed 6 x 2-min sub-maximal cycling stages (100, 150, 200, 250, 300 and 350 W) and 2 x 10-s maximal sprints, completed on two occasions within 7 days. A Mann-Whitney U test identified significant differences between the Lode Excalibur Sport and the V3 pedals at 150–350 W, and during all-out sprinting (P &lt; 0.05), with a mean relative difference during sub-maximal cycling of 1.8%. Results also suggested there was no significant differences between the Lode Excalibur Sport and V3 pedals for cadence at all power outputs tested (P &gt; 0.05), with a mean relative difference of 0.2%. Results suggest that the V3 pedals are reliable for both power output and cadence, with a coefficient of variation (CV) of &lt;5.05% and &lt;3.87%, respectively. Furthermore, the technical error of measurement for power output was 2.4–5.3 W between 100–350 W, and &lt;8.04 rev.min-1 for cadence at all power outputs tested. It is suggested that the V3 pedals are reliable and accurate during sub-maximal testing; however, the V3 pedals over-estimate power output during all-out sprinting

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The Reliability and Accuracy of the Garmin Vector 3 Power Pedals   Submission Type  Journal of Sports Engineering and Technology – Technical Note  Authors and Affiliations Tom Dickinson1 and James Wright1* 1School of Sport, Health and Social Science, Solent University, Southampton, UK  Dr James Wright (Corresponding Author*) Solent University School of Sport, Health and Social Science East Park Terrace, Southampton Hampshire, SO14 0YN, UK E: james.wright@solent.ac.uk  T: 023 8031 3955  Abstract Word Count: 210 words Word Count: 1424 words (excluding headings and tables) Number of Figures: 2 Number of Tables: 2    Abstract  The aims of this study were to 1) investigate the reliability of the Garmin Vector 3 (V3) pedals, and 2) compare power output and cadence between the Lode Excalibur Sport ergometer and the V3 pedals. Seven male cyclists completed six x 2-min sub-maximal cycling stages (100, 150, 200, 250, 300 and 350 W) and two x 10-s maximal sprints, completed on two occasions within seven days. A Mann-Whitney U test identified significant differences between the Lode Excalibur Sport and the V3 pedals at 150–350 W and during all-out sprinting (P < 0.05) with a mean relative difference during sub-maximal cycling of 1.8%. Results also suggested there was no significant differences between the Lode Excalibur Sport and V3 pedals for cadence at all power outputs tested (P > 0.05), with a mean relative difference of 0.2%. Results suggest that the V3 pedals are reliable for both power output and cadence with a coefficient of variation of <5.05% and <3.87%, respectively. Furthermore, the technical error of measurement for power output was 2.4–5.3 W between 100–350 W, and <8.04 rev.min-1 for cadence at all power outputs tested. It is suggested that the V3 pedals are reliable and accurate during sub-maximal testing; however, the V3 pedals over-estimate power output during all-out sprinting.   Keywords validation, power meter, laboratory-based test, field-based testing  Introduction Power meters are regularly used within cycling to allow coaches to set individualised training plans based on the power output and cadence data collected from training and race performances.1  Laboratory-based ergometers are ideal for research; however, with a purchase price of more than $20,000, recent research has focused on validating cheaper more portable systems.2 The development of the cycle-mounted power meter has provided the opportunity to monitor performance (e.g. power output and cadence) using the athlete’s bicycle, rather than being restricted to a laboratory-based ergometer.3,4,5 The SRM Powermeter (crank) is regarded as the “gold standard” cycle-mounted power meter.1   Pedal-based power meters have recently been developed at a lower cost compared to traditional systems. Several studies have focused on their reliability and validity of these meters. It has previously been suggested that the Garmin Vector pedals (V1) overestimate power output6,7, with a typical error of 3.3% (20 W) 6. In contrast, studies suggested that the second version of the Garmin Vector pedals (V2) are comparable to the SRM Powermeter, with no significant difference in power output during sub-maximal cycling observed; however, significant differences were seen during sprint cycling.8 The P1 pedals have also been reported to demonstrate excellent levels of agreement when compared to a Wattbike Pro cycle ergometer during a 16.1 km time-trial, with an intra-class correlation of >0.8.9 Both the V2 and P1 pedals have demonstrated acceptable test-retest reliability during sub-maximal cycling. Previous studies have suggested that the P1 pedals are reliable between 150–500 W, with a coefficient of variation (CV) of 2.3%10, and between ~100-400 W, with a CV of ≤2%.11 Similarly, the V2 pedals have been reported as reliable between 100–300 W when compared to the SRM Powermeter (CV = ~3.0%).8 Garmin has recently released the third version of the Vector power pedals (V3), but to date, it has not been established if these are reliable or accurate. Therefore, the aim of this study was to 1) investigate the test-retest reliability of the V3 pedals, and 2) compare power output and cadence between the V3 pedals and the Lode Excalibur Sport ergometer.   Methods Participants Seven male cyclists (mean ± SD: age 21 ± 1 years, 181.6 ± 8.0 cm, body mass 75.3 ± 9.9 kg, V̇O2max 58.3 ± 7.0 ml·kg-1·min-1) were recruited to take part in this study, with all providing written informed consent. The study was approved by the host university’s ethics committee.  Procedures Testing was completed using an electronically-braked cycle ergometer (Excalibur Sport, Lode, The Netherlands),12 with the power pedals (V3, Garmin, USA) installed and zeroed following the manufacturer’s guidelines. For each testing session, the participants wore their own cycling shoes, fitted with Vector cleats (Arc 2, Garmin, USA). Following a 10-min warm-up, participants cycled at a self-selected cadence at 350 W, 300 W, 250 W, 200 W, 150 W and 100 W for 2 min, each separated by a 4-min rest period. Once these tests were completed, the participants were allowed a 10 min-rest period, followed by 2 x 10-s maximal sprints from a rolling start (90 rev·min-1) whilst in a seated position. A 2-min rest was allowed in between maximal sprint tests. This testing procedure was completed on two occasions, separated by 48 hours.  Data Analysis Power output and cadence for the V3 pedals were recorded using a bike computer (Edge 820, Garmin, USA) and downloaded for analysis. The sampling frequencies of the V3 pedals and the Lode Excalibur Sport were 1 Hz and 4 Hz, respectively. A Mann-Whitney U test and limits of agreement (LoA) were used to make comparisons between the V3 pedals and the Lode Excalibur Sport, with CV and absolute technical error of measurement (TEM) used to determine the test-retest reliability of the V3 pedals. TEM was calculated using Eq. 1 (1):  TEM = √∑𝐷22𝑛     (1) , where ∑D2 represents the sum of deviations raised to the 2nd power.13 All data are reported as mean ± SD with statistical significance set to P < 0.05.   Results A Mann-Whitney U test identified significant differences between the Lode Excalibur Sport and the V3 pedals for power output at 150 W (P < 0.001), 200 W (P = 0.001), 250 W (P < 0.001), 300 W (P < 0.001), 350 W (P < 0.001) and during all-out sprinting (P = 0.001). There were no significant differences between the Lode Excalibur Sport and the V3 pedals at 100 W (P = 0.210).  Additionally, a Mann-Whitney U test identified no significant differences for cadence at 100 W (P = 0.946), 150 W (P < 0.982), 200 W (P = 0.982), 250 W (P < 0.946), 300 W (P < 0.982), 350 W (P < 0.910) and during all-out sprinting (P = 0.635) The mean difference between the Lode Excalibur Sport and V3 pedals was 1.8% for power output during sub-maximal cycling; however, this increased to 21% during all-out sprinting (Figs. 1 and 2). The mean difference for cadence was 0.2% for all tested power outputs (Table 1).   During sub-maximal cycling, the V3 pedals had a mean CV of 1.4% and a TEM of 3.0 W for power output. For cadence, the mean CV was 2.4% and the mean TEM was 3.6 rev·min-1. During all-out sprinting, the CV and TEM for both power output and cadence were higher than sub-maximal cycling (CV =  5.1% and 3.9%, respectively; TEM = 74.8 W and  8.0 rev·min-1, respectively) (Table 2).    ***Insert Figures 1 and 2 near here*** Table 1. Comparisons in power output and cadence between the Lode Excalibur Sport and the Garmin Vector 3 pedals. 1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9  10  11  12  13  14  15  16  17  18  19  20  21  22  Power Output   Cadence Lode Excalibur Sport  (W) Garmin Vector 3 (W) Absolute Difference (W) Relative Difference (%)  Lode Excalibur Sport (rev·min-1) Garmin Vector 3 (rev·min-1) Absolute Difference (rev·min-1) Relative Difference  (%) 100 ± 0 100 ± 3 0 ± 3  0.0  89 ± 15 89 ± 15 0 ± 0 0.0 150 ± 0 153 ± 3 3 ± 3 1.9  90 ± 15 90 ± 15 0 ± 0 0.0 200 ± 0 205 ± 4 5 ± 4 2.5  90 ± 15 90 ± 15 0 ± 0 0.0 250 ± 0 256 ± 4 6 ± 4 2.4  89 ± 15 89 ± 15 0 ± 0 0.0 300 ± 0 305 ± 5 5 ± 5 1.7  90 ± 16 90 ± 16 0 ± 0 0.0 350 ± 0 357 ± 4 7 ± 4 2.0  92 ± 16 93 ± 16 1 ± 0 1.1 900 ± 128 1111 ± 152 211 ± 24 21.0  165 ± 10 166 ± 11 1 ± 1 0.6 Table 2. Coefficient of Variation (CV) and Absolute Technical Error of Measurement (TEM) between Testing Sessions 1 and 2 for power output and cadence (including 95% 23 Confidence Intervals). 24  Power Output Cadence Power Output  CV (%) TEM (W) CV (%) TEM (rev·min-1) 100 W 2.5 (1.4–3.7) 2.9 (1.8–4.0) 2.7 (−0.9–6.3) 4.4 (1.4–7.4) 150 W 1.4 (0.9–1.9) 2.4 (1.6–3.2) 1.7 (−1.1–4.5) 3.3 (0.9–5.6) 200 W 1.2 (0.6–1.8) 2.9 (1.6–4.2) 1.5 (−0.1–3.1) 2.0 (0.7–3.3) 250 W 0.9 (0.2–1.6) 3.3 (1.4–5.2) 2.2 (−0.6–5.0) 3.3 (1.1–5.5) 300 W 1.4 (0.6–2.2) 5.3 (2.9–7.7) 3.1 (−0.6–6.8) 4.5 (1.6–7.4) 350 W 0.7 (0.3–1.1) 3.0 (1.7–4.4) 3.1 (0.6–5.5) 4.1 (1.7–6.5) Peak Power 5.1 (0.9–9.2) 74.8 (33.3–116.3) 3.9 (1.6–6.1) 8.0 (4.2–11.9) Mean (100–350 W) 1.4 (0.7–2.1) 3.3 (1.8–4.8) 2.4 (–0.45–5.2) 3.6 (1.2–6.0) 25 Discussion 26 The findings of this study suggest that the V3 pedals provide a reliable and accurate measure of 27 power output and cadence during sub-maximal cycling between 100 and 350 W. The  28 heteroscedastic nature of power output can be observed from Figs. 1 and 2 with an increased error 29 and mean bias during higher powers. The mean relative difference between the Lode Excalibur Sport 30 and the V3 pedals was 1.8% for power output, and 0.2% for cadence during sub-maximal cycling. The 31 results suggest that the V3 pedals are reliable for power output and cadence, with a CV of <5.1% and 32 <3.9, respectively, observed at all tested power outputs. Additionally, the TEM for power output was 33 2.4–5.3 W when tested between 100–350 W, with a TEM for cadence of <8.0 rev·min-1 observed 34 during all power outputs.  35  36 The results of this study are comparable to studies published using earlier versions of the Garmin 37 Vector pedals with a CV of 2.0% for the V1 pedals reported between 150 and 350 W.7 Additionally, 38 these results are similar to the reported CV of ~3.0% of the V2 pedals when tested between 100–300 39 W.8 The results of the present study are also comparable to other pedal-based systems with a CV of 40 <6.3% observed for the PowerTap P1 pedals when tested at sub-maximal power outputs and during 41 all-out sprinting.11 Additionally, the TEM of 75.8 W observed during all-out sprinting is similar to the 42 PowerTap P1 pedals (75.1 W)11. It is noted, however, that the CV observed during sub-maximal 43 cycling (100–350 W) in the present study is slightly higher than those reported by Czajkowski et al.14, 44 who reported a CV of 0.7% for power output between 150 and 350 W.  45  46 A significant difference in power output was observed between the V3 pedals and the Lode Excalibur 47 Sport at all power outputs measured above 100 W. Similar conclusions have also been made for the 48 V1 pedals by Novak and Dascome6 and Bouillod et al.7, both suggesting that the V1 pedals over-49 estimate power output during sub-maximal cycling. The results of the present study also supports 50 previous literature that suggests that the greatest error in measurement occurs at higher power 51 outputs (e.g. sprinting).  These results could be explained by the different sampling frequencies of 52 the Lode Excalibur Sport (4 Hz) and V1 pedals (1 Hz), and it has been suggested that power output 53 should be sampled at a minimum of 5 Hz when testing peak power output.15 Therefore, it may be 54 expected that the V3 pedals would measure differently to the Lode Excalibur Sport during all-out 55 sprinting.  56  57 This study provides valuable information to cyclists, coaches or researchers who plan to use the V3 58 pedals for training or research. It is suggested that additional research is carried out on pedal-based 59 power meters across a full range of the power curve; however, it is acknowledged that this is 60 difficult without the use of a calibration rig.    61  62 Conclusion 63 The results of this study suggest that the V3 pedals provide reliable and accurate data between 100 64 and 350 W when compared to a Lode Excalibur Sport ergometer. It is suggested that these pedals 65 can be used by cyclists at power outputs <350 W with confidence. Due to the increased CV and TEM 66 at higher power outputs, some care should be exercised if using these pedals to monitor sprint 67 performance.  68  69 Acknowledgements 70 The authors would like to thank all the participants who volunteered to take part in this study. The 71 authors would also like to thank Dr Lee Bridgeman and Chris Morphew for their assistance during 72 data collection.  73  74 Declaration of conflicting interests 75 The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, 76 and/or publication of this article.  77 References 78  79 1. Passfield, L, Hopker, JG, Jobson, SA, et al. Knowledge is Power: Issues of Measuring Training 80 and Performance in Cycling. Journal of Sports Sciences 2017; 35(14): 1426–1434.  81 2. Peiffer, J and Losco, B. Reliability/Validity of the Fortius Trainer. Int J Sports Med 2011; 32(5): 82 353–356. 83 3. Jones, SLP and Passfield, L. The dynamic calibration of bicycle power measuring cranks. 84 Engineering of Sport 1998; 265–274. 85 4. Earnest, CP, Wharton, RP, Church, TS, et al. Reliability of the Lode Excalibur Sport Ergometer 86 and Applicability to Computrainer Electromagnetically Braked Cycling Training Device. J 87 Strength Cond Res 2005; 19(2): 344–348. 88 5. Bini, RR, Hume, PA and Cerviri, A. A comparison of cycling SRM crank and strain gauge 89 instrumented pedal measures of peak torque, crank angle at peak torque and power output. 90 Procedia Engineering 2011; 13: 56–61. 91 6. Novak, AR and Dascombe, BJ. Agreement of power measures between Garmin Vector and SRM 92 cycle power meters. Meas Phys Educ Exerc Sci 2016; 20(3): 167–172. 93 7. Bouillod, A., Pinot, J, Soto-Romero, G, et al. Validity, sensitivity and reproducibility of Stages 94 and Garmin Vector power meters when compared with SRM device. Int J Sport Physiol Perform 95 2017; 12(8): 1023–1030. 96 8. Nimmerichter, A, Schnitzer, L, Prinz, B, et al. Validity and reliability of the Garmin Vector power 97 meter in laboratory and field cycling. Int J Sports Med 2017; 38(6): 439–446. 98 9. Whittle, C, Smith, N, and Jobson, S. Validity of PowerTap P1 Pedals during Laboratory-Based 99 Cycling Time Trial Performance. Sports 2019; 6(3), 92. 100 10. Pallares, JG and Lillo-Bevia, JR. Validity and Reliability of the PowerTap P1 Pedals Power Meter. 101 Journal of Sports Science and Medicine 2018; 17(2), 305–311 102 11. Wright, J, Walker, T, Burnet, S, et al. The Reliability and Validity of the PowerTap P1 Power 103 Pedals Before and After 100 Hours of Use. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2019; 14(6): 855–858. 104 12. Reiser, M, Meyer, T, Kindermann, et al. Transferability of workload measurements between 105 three different types of ergometer. European Journal of Applied Physiology 2000; 82(3): 245–106 249. 107 13. Perini, TA, de Oliveira, GL, Ornellas, JD, et al. Technical error of measurement in 108 anthropometry. Revista Brasileira de Medicina do Esporte 2005; 11(1), 86–90.  109 14. Czajkowski, M, Bouillod, A, Dauriannes, A, et al. Validity and reproducibility of the Powertap P1 110 power meter when compared with SRM device. J Sci Cycling 2016; 5(2): 9–10. 111 15. Santos, EL, Novaes, JS, Reis VM, et al. Low Sampling Rates Bias Outcomes from the Wingate 112 Test. Int J Sports Med 2010; 31: 784–789. 113  114  115  116  117  118  119  120  121  122  123  124  125 Figure 1. Bland-Altman Plot showing the limits of agreement between Lode Excalibur Sport and 126 Garmin V3 power pedals at 100 W, 150 W, 200 W, 250 W, 300 W and 350 W. The solid line 127 represents the mean difference in power output, with the dashed lines representing the 95% limits 128 of agreement. 129  130  131 -10-8-6-4-2024681050 100 150 200 250 300 350Difference in Power Output (%) [Lode − Garmin V3] Mean of Lode and Garmin V3 (W) 132 Figure 2. Bland-Altman Plot of the differences between the Lode Excalibur Sport and Garmin V3 133 power pedals during all-out sprinting. The solid horizontal line represents the mean bias, with the 134 dashed lines represented 95% confidence intervals. 135  136 -50-40-30-20-10010800 850 900 950 1000 1050 1100Difference in Power Output (%) [Lode − Garmin V3] Mean of Lode and Garmin V3 (W)

The Reliability and Accuracy of the Garmin Vector 3 Power Pedals

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The Reliability and Accuracy of the Garmin Vector 3 Power Pedals

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