In 1981 a survey was conducted to determine the kinds and amounts of
pesticides used in the production of potatoes and small grains in Alaska as
well as the manner in which they were used. Alaska has been asked by the
United States Department of Agriculture to cooperate with the other states
in a pesticide impact assessment program designed to aid the Environmental
Protection Agency in predicting the consequences of its actions. This study
was initaited to determine the importance of pesticides to the production of
these crops.  This compilation is not intended to present recommendations for pest
management stuations in Alaska, and it should not be used as a pest-control
guide. It simply reports surveyed information and should be used only as a
reference to pesticide usage in 1981. Some general information is provided
on the classification and application of each pesticide

Bleicher, David P.

English

ScholarWorks@UA

PESTICIDE USE IN POTATO AND GRAIN PRODUCTION IN ALASKA, 1981D avid  P. B le icherA G R IC U LT U R A L EXPERIM ENT STA TIO N  School of Agriculture and Land Resources Management University of Alaska-FairbanksJames V. Drew, Dean and Director Circular 50 September 1984O c u i v  ( l l n w e - r s ^ y  - A l a s k a . ,  f ^ r  b a n k s .^ J \ c j r x c j j _ v ^ 0 j r  oJ~ _ "a -U c k -  E ^ X | > « jn i ^ e . n ' t _  S ' t a i i a * !PESTICIDE USE IN POTATO AND GRAIN PRODUCTION IN ALASKA, 1981byDavid P. Bleicher Research EntomologistAgricultural Experiment Station School of Agriculture and Land Resources Management University of AlaskaAL/v James V. Drew, Director5Circular 50 ^ 3  September 1984E 2 2 ,  n o ,5 0R A S M U S O N  LSB R A R YUNIVERSITY OF ALASKA-FA1RBANKSIntroductionIn 1981 a survey was conducted to determine the kinds and amounts of pesticides used in the production of potatoes and small grains in Alaska as well as the manner in which they were used. Alaska has been asked by the United States Department of Agriculture to cooperate with the other states in a pesticide impact assessment program designed to aid the Environmental Protection Agency in predicting the consequences of its actions. This study was initaited to determine the importance of pesticides to the production of these crops.Data were collected in July 1981 through personal interviews with grow­ers. Nine potato growers from the Matanuska Valley and the Kenai Peninsula were contacted which represented 289 acres or 49 per cent of the 1981 potato acreage. Twenty-five grain growers from Delta Junction, the Mat­anuska Valley, and the Kenai Peninsula were interviewed. The percentages of surveyed acreage for each area follow closely production statistics for the year. These produced 3941 acres of barley, 1917 of oats, and 45 of wheat. All barley was grown for either feed grain or seed except for 50 acres which were grown for hay. Of the 16,500 acres of barley planted in the state, only 6,500 were harvested for grain. This survey represents 24 per cent of the acreage planted to barley. Six thousand acres of oats were planted. Of these, 500 were harvested for grain. Surveyed growers reported 689 acres were being grown for grain or seed or 11 per cent of the planted acreage. The remaining 682 acres were grown for hay or silage. Growers also reported the production of wheat on 45 acres. Acreages for oat hay or silage pro­duction for the state are not available.For each crop, growers were asked to supply the following information:1) number of acres planted to that crop,2) names of pesticides used on that crop,3) number of acres treated with each material,4) formulation of the material used,5) application rate used,6) number of applications made during the season,27) date of treatment,8) method of application,9) type of application equipment used,10) specific target organisms,11) effectiveness of materials against those targets,12) apparent damage to crops as a result of pesticide use,13) whether the material was applied by the grower or by a commercial applicator,14) training and certification of the applicator.This compilation is not intended to present recommendations for pest management stuations in Alaska, and it should not be used as a pest-control guide. It simply reports surveyed information and should be used only as a reference to pesticide usage in 1981. Some general information is provided on the classification and application of each pesticide.Table 1. Quantities of pesticides used in potato and grain production in Alaska 1981.Potatoes (289 acres surveyed):Land Totaltreated Surveyed Amount used pesticide usePesticide (acres) acreage (%) (lbs. a.i.) (%)Captan 39.0 13.5 — —Dinoseb 167.7 57.8 638.5 46.1Eptam 55.0 19.0 96.3 7.1Glyphosate 43.0 14.9 70.4 5.2Metribuzin 100.0 34.6 500.0 36.7PCNB 5.0 1.7 58.5 4.3Thiabendozole 100.0 34.6 8.9 0.7Trifluralin 1.5 0.5 1.5 0.1No Treatment 2.2 7.63Barley (3941 acres surveyed)Banvel 55.0 1.4 6.9 0.6Bromoxynil 80.0 2.0 40.0 3.42,4-D 280.0 7.1 191.0 16.4Dinoseb 94.0 2.4 142.3 12.2Lindane 200.0 5.1 4.7 0.4Maneb 400.0 10.1 — —Trifluralin 1.5 0.1 1.5 0.1Vitavaxa 3,116.0 79.1 779.0 66.8No Treatment 15.0 0.4Oats (1971 acres surveyed)Banvel 72.0 3.8 6.6 1.12,4-D 170.0 8.9 175.0 27.9Dinoseb 22.0 1.2 49.0 11.4Glyphosate 6.5 0.3 15.0 3.5Maneb 70.0 3.7 —Vitavaxa 965.0 50.3 241.3 56.1No Treatment 750.0 39.1Wheat (45 acres surveyed)Banvel 8.0 17.8 0.4 1.7Dinoseb 2.0 4.4 6.0 25.9MCPA (Ronox) 8.0 17.8 8.0 34.5Vitavaxa 35.0 77.8 8.8 37.9No Treatment 0.0 0.0a Growers and seed dealers were unable to  give the form ulation of Vitavax used, nor the seeding rate. Vitavax is a product name which generally refers to  a form ulation of car- boxin but may also indicate a product which combines carboxin with either thiram (Vitavax 200) or captan (Vitavax 300). For the purposes of this survey, Vitavax is con­sidered to  be a 75 per cent active ingredient form ulation seed protectant, and no attem pt was made to  separate it into A.I. components. An average seeding rate o f 90 lbs/A was assumed.4Table 2. Use of pesticides.Potatoes:PesticideApplicationrate (no.a.i./A) X modeForm u­lation3 Number M ethodb Time cCap tan - - D 1 1Dinoseb 3.5 3 E.C. 1 3 DEptam 1.7 1.7 E.C. 1 3 AGlyphosate 1.6 1.3 E.C. 1 3,7 A,CMetribuzin 5.0 5.0 E.C. 1 3 CPCNBThiabendozole10 lb /12400 ft. of row 0.4 OZ./2000 tubersE.C. 1 5l dBATrifluralinBarley:1.0 1.0 E.C. 1 3,6 ABanvel 0.12 0.12 E.C. 1 3 DBromoxynil 0.5 0.5 E.C. 1 3,4 D2,4-D 0.7 0.8 E.C. 1 3 DDinoseb 1.5 0.9 E.C. 1 3 DLindane 0.04 0.04 D 1 1,2 AManeb - - D 1 1,2 ATrifluralin 1.0 1.0 E.C. 1 3,6 AVitavaxOats:2.25'F? 1 ABanvel 0.1 0.1 E.C. 1 3,4 D2,4-D 1.0 0.5 E.C. 1 3,4,8 DDinoseb 2.2 1.25 E.C. 1 3 DGlyphosate 2.3 2.0 E.C. 1 2 previous fallManeb - — D 1 1,2 AVitavaxWheat:0.25 F? 1 1 ABanvel 0.05 0.05 E.C. 1 2,6 DDinoseb 3.0 3.0 E.C. 1 2MCPA 1.0 1.0 E.C. 1 2,6 DVitavax 0.25 — F? 1 1 A“D. DustE.C. Emulsifiable ConcentrateF. Flowableb l.  Seed treatem ent2. Drill box application3. Broadcast4. Controlled droplet5. Injection6. Soil incorporation7. Spot application8. Aerial applicationA.PreplantB. A t plantingC. PreemergenceD. PostermergencedSeed pieces dipped5Table 3. Target organisms and grower rated effectiveness.Potatoes:N o . o f G ro w e r-ra te d  e ffe c tiv e n ess C ro pP es tic id eag ro w ers A b B C D E F G H I J K L M N o D am ageCaptan 2 ? A noneDinoseb 7 P-A P-A P-A P-A A P-A A none to slight burn & leaf curlEptam 1 A E F A noneGlyph osate 3 A noneMetribuzin 1 A A A X-P Chlorosis on older leavesPCNB 1 ? noneThiabendozole 0Trifluralin 1 A X noneBarley:BanvelBromoxynil 1 A P A A A none2,4-D 2 A A A A noneDinoseb 2 A A A noneGlyphosate 3 A noneLindane 0 _Maneb 1 X X noneTrifluralin 0 —Vitavax 4 X-A A P noneTable 3. Continued.Oats:Banvel 2 A A P A A P-A none2,4-D 3 P A P A P-A P-A P noneDinoseb 3 A A A A none toleafburnGlyphosate 1 A noneManeb 0Vitavax 1 Pwneat:Banvel 2 P-A A A X none toleaf curlDinoseb 1 A noneMCPA 1 P-A A A X noneVitavax 1 P-A P-A nonea N u m b e r o f  g ro w ers  in d ic a tin g  sp ec ific  p e s t ta rg e ts .°A  = A d e q u a te ,  g o o d  P = In a d e q u a te ,  p o o r  X = N o c o n tro lb A = C h ick w ee d  (S te lta r ia  m e d ia  [ l . ]  C y rillo )B = F irew eed  ( E p ito b iu m  a n g u s t ifo liu m  L .)C = H em p  n e tt le  ( G a le o p s is  te tra h it  L.)D = K n o t w eed  (P o ly g o n u m  spp .)E = L a m b s q u a r te rs  ( C h e n o p o d iu m  a lb u m  L.)F = M u sta rd s , ra p e  (B ra ssica  sp p . )G = Pig w eed  (A m a ra n th u s  r e tr o f le x u s  L.)H = P in e ap p le  w e ed  (M a trica ria  m a tr ic a r io id e s  [L ess. jP o rte r)I = Q u ack g rass  (A g r o p y r o n  re p e n s  [L .]  B eauv.)J = W ild B u ck w h e a t (P o ly s o n u m  c o n v o lv u lu s  L .)K = R h iz o c to n iaL = S ca b  (S tr e p to m y c e s  sca b ie s  (T h a x te n )  W ak sm an  & H en ric i) M = S ca ld  (R h y n o c h o s p o r iu m  se ca lis )N = S m u t ( U stila g o  spp .)O  = S tr ip e  (D re c h s le ra  g ra m in a e)Index to  PesticidesBanvel — Herbicide.Other name: Dicamba.Application: For control of annual and perennial broadleaf weeds in small grains, rangeland, pasture, turf and noncropland.*l d 50: 2629 mg pesticide/kg body weightBMC — see Lindane.Bromoxynil — Selective herbicide.Trade name: Buctril.Application: For postemergent control of seedling broadleaf weeds in wheat, oats, barley, rye, grass for sod seed production, turf and non­crop areas.LDgg: 779 mg pesticide/kg body weightBuctril — see Bromoxynil.Captan — Protectant-eradicant fungicide.Other name: Orthocide.Application: Control of a wide variety of fungus diseases on small fruits, berries, vegetables, and ornamental crops. Used as a seed treat­ment by slurry, dry treatment, and plant-box application. (See also Vitavax.)LD^q : 9000 mg pesticide/kg body weightCarboxin — see Vitavax.2,4-D — Selective herbicide.Application: Registered for use on grasses, wheat, barley, oats, corn, sugarcane, and noncrop areas for postemergent control of weeds such*LD50 mg pesticide/kg body weight = oral acute lethal dosage for tested mammals.as Canada thistle, dandelion, annual mustards, ragweed, and lambs- quarters.LD5Q: 300-1200 mg pesticide/kg body weightD. B. Green — Seed protectant, (see Lindane and Maneb).Combination of Lindane (18%) and Maneb (50%) in a powdered formu­lation.Dicamba — see Banvel.Dinitro — see Dinoseb.Dinoseb — Selective herbicide.Other names: Dinitro, Premerge.Application: Selective contact control of weeds in alfalfa, clover, birds- food trefoil, onions, peas, and small grains. Preemergence treatments control germinating seeds in upper soil layers.LD^q : 40-60 mg pesticide/kg body weightEptam — Selective herbicide.Application: For use in potatoes, beans, and forage legumes for the control of annual grassy and broadleaf weeds and perennial weeds such as Johnson grass seedlings and quackgrass.LD5LD5Q: 1325-1500 mg pesticide/kg body weightGlyphosate — Nonselective, postemergence herbicide.Other name: Roundup.Application: A foliar-applied, translocated herbicide, for control of many annual and perennial grasses, broadleaf weeds, and many tree and woody-brush species in cropland and noncrop sites.LDj q : 4300 mg pesticide/kg body weightHCH — see Lindane.rA s m u s o n  l i b r a r yUNIVERSITY OF AL ASK A-F Al R B AN KSLindane — Insecticide.Other names: BHC, HCH.Application: Predominantly used as a seed treatment. Formulated in combination with Maneb (see D.B. Green).LDj q : 88-125 mg pesticide/kg body weightMCPA — Herbicide.Other name: Ronox.Application: A translocated herbicide for postemergent control of many annual and perennial broadleaf weeds in small grains, peas, grassland, turf, and noncrop areas.LDj q : 700-800 mg pesticide/kg body weightMertect — see Thiabendozole.Metribuzin - Herbicide.Other name: Sencor.Application: For control of many grassy and broadleaf weeds in pota­toes, wheat, barley, peas, alfalfa, and other crops.LD^q: 1100-2300 mg pesticide/kg body weightOrthocide — see Captan.Premerge — see Dinoseb.Ronox — see MCPA.Roundup — see Glyphosate.Sencor — see Metribuzin.Thiabendazole — Systemic fungicide.Other name: Mertect.Application: For control of Fusarium (dry rot) in potato storage as well as protection against numerous fungal diseases on other crops.LDj q : 3100 mg pesticide/kg body weightThiram — see Vitavax.10Treflan — see Trifluralin.Trifluralin — Selective preemergence herbicide.Other name: Treflan.Application: For control of annual grasses and certain broadleaf weeds in numerous crops including potatoes, small grains, Brassicas, and many others. Will not kill established weeds and must be incorporated into top 2-3 inches of soil within 24 hours of application.LD5Q: greater than 10,000 mg pesticide/kg body weightVitavax — Systemic fungicide, seed protectant.Common name: Carboxin.Application: Control of diseases on seedlings and smuts on barley, oats, wheat, and other crops. Vitavax may also be formulated in combination with Thiram or Captan (1:1).LD^q : 3820 mg pesticide/kg body weightApplicatorsPesticide applications other than seed treatments, including one 70- acre field of oats which was aerially treated with 2,4-D, were reported by growers. These applications were made either by the growers themselves or by others under their supervision. Eighty-six per cent of these reported that they held a private or commercial pesticide applicators license issued by the Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation. Seventy-one per cent reported that they had participated in a training program for pesticide use. Of these 70 per cent completed the training program offered by the D.E.C. Experience of 20-30 years was cited as a substitute for formal training.All treatments of Vitavax on oat seed were made off the farm by seed suppliers as a matter of routine before purchase by growers. Eighty-four per cent of all barley seed treatments or 95 per cent of Vitavax treatments were made off the farm prior to purchase. In some instances, growers stated that the availability of only treated seed resulted in pesticide use when normally it would not be required.11ReferencesAlaska Crop and Livestock Reporting Service. 1982. Alaska Agricultural Statistics.Berg, G.L. (eds.) 1983. Farm Chemicals Handbook. Meister Pub. Co. Willoughby, Ohio. 532 pp.Berg, G.L. (eds.) 1983. 1983 Weed Control Manual. Meister Pub. Co., Willoughby, Ohio. 298 pp.Bleicher, D.P., P.C. Scorup, and W.W. Mitchell. 1980. Pesticide Use in Alaska, 1978. Circ. 40. Agric. Exper. Sta., Univ. of Alaska-Fairbanks 17pp.Caswell, R.L., K.J. DeBold, and L.S. Gilbert. Eds. 1981. Pesticide Hand­book — Entoma 1981-1982. Entomological Society of America, College Park, Maryland.The Agricultural Experiment Station at the University of Alaska provides station publications and equal educational and employment opportunities to all, regardless of race, color, religion, national origin, sex, age, disability, or status as a Vietnam era or disabled veteran.In order to simplify terminology, trade names of products or equip­ment may have been used in this publication. No endorsement of products or firms mentioned is intended, nor is criticism implied of those not men­tioned.Material appearing herein may be reprinted provided no endorsement of a commercial product is stated or implied. Please credit the researchers involved and the Agricultural Experiment Station, University of Alaska.

Circular 50

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Circular 50

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