The development of improved plant cultivars is accomplished through comprehensive
plant breeding programs. Such programs:
1) evaluate genetically-diverse germplasm in order to identify superior-performing
genotypes;
2) create new genetic recombinations from crosses or other means using selected
parental genotypes;
3) evaluate segregating progeny from these families while exerting selection
pressure for desirable characteristics; and
4) identify superior-performing genotypes in yield trials conducted in multiple
environments.
This circular documents the current status of research in cultivar development
associated with the Alaska barley breeding program

Blake, Steve A.

Dofing, Stephen M.

Knight, Charles W.

English

ScholarWorks@UA

Results from the 1990 Alaska Barley Breeding ProgramStephen M. DofingAssistant Professor of Agronomy Palmer Research Center, Agricultural and Forestry Experiment Station University of Alaska FairbanksCharles W. KnightAssistant Professor of Agronomy Agricultural and Forestry Experiment Station University of Alaska FairbanksSteve A. BlakeAgricultural Assistant Palmer Research Center, Agricultural and Forestry Experiment Station University of Alaska FairbanksMASVC^s3 3E 2 Xn o ,C ircular 82 C UjWer-s .4  ^ Alaska, February 1991Agricultural and Forestry Experiment StationSchool of Agriculture and Land Resources Management X J n iv er sit y  o f  A laska  F airban kslOCSNlUSON impftpv H^iversi ry  o r H ia iK U  - r a ir b a n k tINTRODUCTIONThe development of improved plant cultivars is accomplished through compre­hensive plant breeding programs. Such programs:1) evaluate genetically-diverse germplasm in order to identify superior-perform­ing genotypes;2) create new genetic recombinations from crosses or other means using selected parental genotypes;3) evaluate segregating progeny from these families while exerting selection pressure for desirable characteristics; and4) identify superior-performing genotypes in yield trials conducted in multiple environments.This circular documents the current status of research in cultivar development associated with the Alaska barley breeding program.MATERIALS AND METHODSApproximately 275 barley genotypes were grown for observation in single-row plots at Palmer in 1990. The purpose of this was to perform an initial screening, based upon early heading, in order to obtain an elite group of cultivars which will be evalu­ated more thoroughly in four-row plots in 1991. The 150 genotypes were obtained from a variety of sources including the Nordic Gene Bank (Sweden), the Vavilov Institute of Plant Breeding (USSR), the International Center for the Improvement of Maize and Wheat (CIMMYT, Mexico), and numerous plant breeders in the U.S. and abroad.In addition, 211 other barley genotypes were grown for observation in four-row plots. These genotypes were screened from a larger set grown for observation in single­row plots in 1989. Additional screening and selection based upon heading, maturity, plant height, and lodging was practiced among these genotypes in 1990.A diagram of the Alaska Barley Breeding Program is given in Figure 1. After the initial cross, families are advanced in bulk to the F2, F3, and F4 generations. Families which demonstrate serious weaknesses in these generations are discarded. Head selec­tion is practiced in F4 generation, and the selected heads are grown as headrows the following year. Approximately 2-5% of these headrows are harvested to be grown as single-row plots. Promising genotypes are advanced to more intensive stages of testing, with the eventual release of a superior cultivar.RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONThe 34 earliest-heading genotypes grown for observation in single-row plots are pre­sented in Table 1, along with their relative heading date and plant height. Several genotypes had heading dates as early or earlier than 'Otal', the check cultivar. Two of these cultivars, L-421 and K-27058, possess a newly-identified gene for early heading which may be useful in subsequent breeding work. This gene, ea-k6, is located on chromosome 5, and may not be present in currently-grown cultivars developed in Alaska. These two entries may actually represent different designations of the same genotype.1Data from the earliest-heading genotypes grown for observation in four-row plots, along with data from later-heading genotypes in this trial which possessed desirable characteristics, are presented in Table 2. 'Olli', a Finnish variety released in 1927, was the earliest-maturing cultivar in this group. However, Olli is not high yielding and has fairly weak straw. 'Bode', developed in Norway, was early maturing and had excep­tionally strong straw strength. 'Arra' is the most widely-grown cultivar in Finland. While it is early maturing, it is prone to lodging due to its weak straw.Approximately half of the F2, F3, and F4 families grown in 1990 were harvested, the remainder were discarded due to agronomic weaknesses. The families harvested are shown in Tables 3 ,4 , and 5. Most of the F2 families are relatively later maturing, and strong selection will be practiced for early maturity in subsequent generations. The four F4 families listed in Table 5 appear to have good potential as breeding material. All families are early maturing, and possess short straw. Five hundred heads were selected within each of these families to be grown as headrows in 1991.Results of the Barley Four-Rep Yield Trial, grown at Palmer and Fairbanks, are presented in Table 6. The purpose of this test is to evaluate the performance of newly- developed experimental lines relative to that of established check cultivars. In 1990, the experimental line '7711-69-63-3-1' (Edda/Sv60718) was compared to three released cultivars. 77II-69-63-3-1 was the highest-yielding cultivar averaged over both locations, although it was later maturing. Its strongest asset, however, appears to be its superior straw strength. At Fairbanks, this experimental line was only slightly lodged, while the other cultivars were severely lodged. No significant lodging occurred at Palmer due to relatively dry conditions and lack of damaging winds. Additional testing over both locations and years is required to provide a more thorough comparison between the performance of this experimental line and previously-released standards.Figure 1. Breeding method used in the Alaska barley breeding program.Year1 Make cross in greenhouse.1 Grow Fj plants in greenhouse.Bulk harvest all plants.2 Grow Fz families in field.Bulk harvest superior families.3 Grow F3 families in field.Bulk harvest superior families.4 Grow F4 families in field.Select individual heads.5 Grow selected heads as headrows in field. Harvest superior rows.6 One-rep yield test.Harvest superior lines.7 Two-rep yield test.Harvest superior lines.8-10 Four-rep yield test.Continued testing over locations and years. Superior line released as named cultivar.p, | p2 F,iiF,if4iHeadrowsIIRYTI2RYTi4RYT000  1111 II11□0000002Table 1. Relative heading date and plant height of the 34 earliest-heading barley genotypes grownfor observation in single-row plots at Palmer in 1990.CultivarRelativeheadingdate1Plantheight(in)Otal (check) (53) 36CIMMYT Early barley #1 2 22CIMMYT Early barley #4 2 28CIMMYT Early barley #6 2 24CIMMYT Early Barley #7 3 27CIMMYT Early Barley #9 3 19CIMMYT Early barley #11 1 30CIMMYT Early barley #14 0 24CIMMYT Early barley #15 0 24CIMMYT Early barley #17 1 34CIMMYT Early barley #18 1 29CIMMYT Early barley #23 -1 35ND10252 2 31ND10394 0 30ND10469 2 28ND11138 0 31ND11167 2 32ND11260 4 27ND11262 2 29K-27058 4 32L-421 7 37VIR #4363 1 37VIR #4816 1 38VIR #4817 1 40H-716 5 41H-717 2 37H-726 2 38H-739 3 34Krasnoyarsk Sel. 13 1 34Lyllapur -1 31KVL 736 (naked) -1 17Flynn 4 22HJA 77061 -1 20Cebada Cervercera 4 2860-Day 2 36!No. days earlier (+) or later (-) than Otal.3Table 2. Relative heading date and plant height of barley genotypes grown for observation in four-row plots at Palmer in 1990.CultivarRelativeheadingdate1Relativematuritydate1Plantheight(in) CultivarRelativeheadingdate1Relativematuritydate1Plantheight(in)Otal (check) (53) (84) 36 KVL 452 0 -5 43Iuzhnii 0 -7 36 KVL 475 2 -9 28Krasnodarskij 35 1 -9 29 KVL 620 0 -9 30Hankkija 673 -1 0 36 Advance 1 -9 32Olli 3 7 39 Gateway 0 3 37467624 1 3 39 Brockilli 0 -9 18Bode -1 2 38 Trapmar -6 -13 42Nordlys 2 4 35 Bowman 2 0 30Otra 1 1 46 Akka -1 0 29Etu -3 4 28 Betzes -6 -16 36Paavo -3 -5 33 Hector -4 -20 30Pirkka -1 -4 42 HJA80138 -2 -8 32Suvi -1 -5 30 Pohto -3 -8 24PI 483237 0 -8 31 Gunilla -4 -7 28OR 8623 0 -7 19 Ripa -1 -3 32Potra -1 -3 36 Karin -1 0 33Eero 80 -1 -13 22 Bamse -2 -5 42HJA63912 ■4 -4 34 Agneta -2 -5 35H JA 78003 -3 -9 29 SV N 8282 -1 -5 34Loviisa -2 -2 37 SV N 84120 1 -2 28HJA 78104 -2 -5 25 IB (naked) 2 1 24Ershabet 1 -19 30 IB //G at/H 3211 -4 -5 34 Pri/Menz (naked) -1 0 26Arra -1 2 35 Aprizaco/KVL 49 0 -7 40 Russian Line 3 0 30KVL 80 0 0 40 Tammi 1 -4 31KVL 343 3 -9 30JNo. days earlier (+) or later (-) than Otal.W W " *  fa,rbontaTable 3. Relative heading date, relative maturity date, and plant height of F2 families grown atPalmer in 1990.FamilyRelativeheadingdate1Relativematuritydate1Plantheight(in)Otal (check) (53) (84) 36BT637/Eero -8 -9 30Otal/BT637 -7 -8 42BT636/Otra -5 -7 42Datal/Hazen -3 -7 34Oili/Robust -2 -9 37Glenn/Datal -3 -7 36Datal/ACA 2564 -3 -8 37uc2 Kindred/Eero -3 -7 33uc2 Kindred/Datal//Datal -3 -4 40uc2 Otra/ /Otra -4 -7 42uc2 Kindred/ACA 2654//ACA 2564 4 -9 43!No. days earlier (+) or later (-) than Otal.Table 4. Relative heading date, relative maturity date, and plant height of F3 families grown at Palmer in 1990.FamilyRelativeheadingdate1Relativematuritydate1Plantheight(in)Otal (check) (53) (84) 36CCXXXVIII-B-315/Advance// 71II-67-21-120/8176-382-761-85-12 0 32CCXXXVII-A-122/6811-63-8-34-28/ / Olli / CCXXXVI-6980 1 36CCXXXVIII-B-382/ Pioneer / / CCXXXVIII-A-l22/68II-63-8-34-282 1 36CCXXXVI-857/CCXXXII-727/ / CCXXXVII-A-170/71-1591-mat 81 1 34uc2 Kindred/Otra -1 -4 36uc2 Kindred/Otal -3 -7 40uc2 Kindred/ACA 2564 -4 -8 38uc2 Kindred/Datal -3 0 38!No. days earlier (+) or later (-) than Otal.5Table 5. Relative heading date, relative maturity date, and plant height of F4 families grown atPalmer in 1990.FamilyRelativeheadingdate1Relativematuritydate1Plantheight(in)Otal (check) (53) (84) 367111-67-21-120/8176-382-761-85-11 2 2986CCXXXII-31-121 /2228 1 0 2886CCXXXII-159-81 /2228 2 0 2786CCXXXII-176-98/2228 2 4 23lNo. days earlier (+) or later (-) than Otal.Table 6. Combined results of the Barley Four-Rep Yield Trial grown at Palmer and Fairbanks Alaska in 1990.CultivarDays to headingDays to maturityPlantheight(in)Lodging(1-9)1Yield(bu/A)Testweight(lbs/bu)Otal 48 78 34.8 4.8 64.3 52.1Datal 48 76 33.3 4.4 58.5 49.9Lidal 49 78 35.5 4.6 53.9 48.777II-69-63-3-1 49 83 36.0 1.6 73.3 51.7Average 49 7y 34.9 3.9 62.5 50.6LSD (0.05) 0.6 1.2 2.3 0.5 6.5 1.01 l=completely upright, 9=completely lodged.6Agricultural and Forestry Experiment Station School of Agriculture and Land Resources Management University of Alaska Fairbanks James V. Drew, Dean and DirectorThe University of Alaska Fairbanks provides equal education and employment opportunities for all, regardless of race, color, religion, national origin, sex, age, disability, status as a Vietnam era or disabled veteran, marital status, changes in marital status, pregnancy, or parenthood pursuant to applicable state and federal laws.In order to simplify terminology, trade names of products or equipment may have been used in this publication. No endorsement of products or firms mentioned is intended, nor is criticism implied of those not mentioned.Material appearing herein may be reprinted provided no endorsement of a commercial product is stated or implied. Please credit the researchers involved and the Agricultural and Forestry Experiment Station, University of Alaska Fairbanks.

Circular 82

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Circular 82

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