he increasing competition for available resources and inefficient use of those
limited resources necessitates the need to improve the use of available resources.
If these inefficacies are not corrected, the resource-poor farmers, mainly living in
developing countries will be most affected. Yet these resource farmers contribute
immensely for food production in developing countries. Smallholder farmers
must be proactive and learn to adopt new strategies that can assist them in
continuing farming with maximum use of limited agricultural resources and
even wastes in agriculture. Several methods are available to improve the use of
agricultural wastes, including non-agronomic benefits. Furthermore, we suggest
the integration of waste resources, such as from both the trilogy of human–
animal–crop wastes. Similarly, inexpensive techniques are encouraged among
the farmers, including composting and vermicomposting of human–crop–animal
wastes and/or slaughterhouse/abattoir wastes, biocharing of crop and animal
wastes as various means of recycling/recovering nutrients in the soil system.
Furthermore, the deployment of fungi could also improve the resource use
efficiency through mushroom growth and sales, crop residue fermentation to
enhance its feed value. Livestock farmers facing nutritional problems can apply
microbes through fermentation to reduce antinutritional factors (lignin, tannins)
in plants, and improve the safety of kitchen and dairy waste before feeding.
Alternatively, farmers are encouraged to raise micro livestock (rabbits, snails, and
grasscutters) on their farm to improve the use of resources. On a large scale, nitrogen and phosphorus recovery from cow urine, slurry, human feces, and
fermentation of phytate rich plants with phytate on industrial scales is
recommended. This chapter aims to provide insight into the methods by which
farmers and industries, especially those in developing countries, can improve
their available resources for agricuture and as livestock feeds