Tsunami waves cause severe structural and nonstructural damages in the shallow water and inundation areas. The intense development that coastal areas have experienced in the last decades, with a rapid growth in population and economy, has increased their exposure to tsunami waves. Recent research on tsunami modelling has been mainly centred in the hydrodynamic issues (e.g., propagation). However, the major losses, human lives and economic, occur at the inland areas, and so further knowledge on what happens in these
areas is needed. Main goal of this research is the assessment of inland buildings resilience to tsunami-induced flooding.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Estêvão, João Manuel Carvalho

MGP Isidoro, Jorge

Sapientia

 International Conference on Flood Resilience:  Experiences in Asia and Europe 5-7 September 2013, Exeter, United Kingdom  MODELLING THE EFFECTS OF TSUNAMI-INDUCED FORCES ON BUILDING FACADES Jorge M.G.P. Isidoro1,2,*, João M.C. Estêvão1    1 University of Algarve, Portugal; 2 IMAR-CMA – Marine and Environmental Research Centre, Portugal * Department of Civil Engineering, Institute of Engineering, University of Algarve, Campus da Penha, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal; Tel: +351 (289) 800100; Email: jisidoro@ualg.pt Keywords: Tsunami; building facades; flood resilience; urban flooding; coastal cities. EXTENDED SUMMARY Tsunami waves cause severe structural and non-structural damages in the shallow water and inundation areas. The intense development that coastal areas have experienced in the last decades, with a rapid growth in population and economy, has increased their exposure to tsunami waves. The Indian Ocean (2004) and Tohoku (2011) tsunamis are recent examples of catastrophic earthquake-induced tsunamis with tragic consequences to the people, environment and economic activity. The Gulf of Cadiz is a tsunami prone area (linked with the western segment of the Eurasia-Nubia plate boundary) where the occurrence of major tsunamis has been described, at least, since 60 BC (Baptista and Miranda, 2009). The Algarve (the southernmost region of mainland Portugal and part of the Gulf of Cadiz Northern boundary) is a region susceptible to the seismic activity with origin at the Eurasia-Nubia plate boundary and at local tectonic faults. Major cities in the Algarve, situated near the coastline, suffered from a fast growth in urbanization due to the main economic activity in the region: tourism. Recent research on tsunami modelling has been mainly centred in the hydrodynamic issues (e.g., propagation). However, the major losses, human lives and economic, occur at the inland areas, and so further knowledge on what happens in these areas is needed. Main goal of this research is the assessment of inland buildings resilience to tsunami-induced flooding. Focus is given to the simulation of the effects of tsunami-induced forces on inland structures by coupling seismic-tectonic, hydrodynamic and structural models. At the present stage and for the purpose of this work the tsunami-wave height and velocity were obtained from Baptista et al. (2010) and Omira et al. (2011). Hydrostatic, hydrodynamic and impact forces were considered and obtained accordingly to FEMA P646 (2008) and FEMA P-55 (2011) design codes. Other tsunami-induced forces as buoyant, surge or braking-wave were not considered at the current phase of this study.  A finite-element linear structural analysis was carried out using SAP2000 (Computers & Structures, INC.). A highly-detailed 3D model with 33066 solid elements was created to simulate the behaviour of a single brick wall with cement render (Figure 1a). The facade with 2.82 m of height by 5.36 m of length has vertical concrete piles and a concrete slab respectively at the lateral and upper extremities of the masonry wall (0.27 m width). Dead loads were not considered for the purpose of this analysis. Different values of tsunami-wave height were considered, with a maximum of 10 m as observed at the coastline near to the city of Faro (capital city of the district of Algarve) during the tsunami subsequent to the 1755 Lisbon Earthquake (Baptista et al., 2010).  The finite-element analysis (Figure 1b) revealed to be particularly useful to evaluate structural and non-structural damages and evidenced that building facades with single ceramic brick walls and Portland cement mortar (typical construction in the Algarve from the 60’s to the 80’s) can suffer major damages from tsunami-induced forces (e.g., hydrostatic forces; see Figure 1c). In order to reduce these damages it is vital a better understanding of the behaviour of building facades under tsunami waves. The preliminary results from this simple numerical experience show that future work will be needed to develop our knowledge on this subject. Computational nonlinear structural analysis and laboratory simulations are currently in progress to evaluate the response of different types of building facades (e.g., materials, construction methods). The authors hope that this research may give a useful tool to engineers and planners who deal with flood risk assessment in coastal areas and ultimately help to improve resiliency of building facades.  International Conference on Flood Resilience:  Experiences in Asia and Europe 5-7 September 2013, Exeter, United Kingdom    Figure 1. a) Finite-element wall model; b) Example of principal tension stress distribution for hydrostatic load; c) Principal tension stress to mortar rupture tension stress ratio vs. wave height to facade height ratio. REFERENCES Baptista, M. A. and Miranda, J. M. (2009). Revision of the Portuguese catalog of tsunamis. Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences, 9, 25-42. Baptista, M. A, Miranda, J. M. and Luís J. (2010). Cartografia do Risco de Tsunami (Cartography of the Risk of Tsunami). In: Estudo do Risco Sismico e de Tsunamis do Algarve (Study of the Seismic and Tsunami Risk in the Algarve), Autoridade Nacional de Protecção Civil, Carnaxide, Portugal, pp. 71-84. FEMA P-55, Coastal Construction Manual: Principles and Practices of Planning, Siting, Designing, Constructing, and Maintaining Residential Buildings in Coastal Areas (2011). 4th edn., Federal Emergency Management Association, Washinghton DC, USA. FEMA P646, Guidelines for Design of Structures for Vertical Evacuation from Tsunamis (2008). Federal Emergency Management Association, Washinghton DC, USA. Omira, R., Baptista, M. A. and Miranda J. M. (2011). Evaluating Tsunami Impact on the Gulf of Cadiz Coast (Northeast Atlantic). Pure and Applied Geophysics, 168(6-7), 1033-1043. 

Modelling the effects of tsunami-induced forces on building facades

Universidade do Algarve

 International Conference on Flood Resilience:  
Experiences in Asia and Europe 
5-7 September 2013, Exeter, United Kingdom 
 
MODELLING THE EFFECTS OF TSUNAMI-INDUCED FORCES ON 
BUILDING FACADES 
Jorge M.G.P. Isidoro1,2,*, João M.C. Estêvão1 
   
1 University of Algarve, Portugal; 2 IMAR-CMA – Marine and Environmental Research Centre, Portugal 
* Department of Civil Engineering, Institute of Engineering, University of Algarve, Campus da Penha, 8005-139 
Faro, Portugal; Tel: +351 (289) 800100; Email: jisidoro@ualg.pt 
Keywords: Tsunami; building facades; flood resilience; urban flooding; coastal cities. 
EXTENDED SUMMARY 
Tsunami waves cause severe structural and non-structural damages in the shallow water and 
inundation areas. The intense development that coastal areas have experienced in the last decades, 
with a rapid growth in population and economy, has increased their exposure to tsunami waves. 
The Indian Ocean (2004) and Tohoku (2011) tsunamis are recent examples of catastrophic 
earthquake-induced tsunamis with tragic consequences to the people, environment and economic 
activity. The Gulf of Cadiz is a tsunami prone area (linked with the western segment of the Eurasia-
Nubia plate boundary) where the occurrence of major tsunamis has been described, at least, since 60 
BC (Baptista and Miranda, 2009). The Algarve (the southernmost region of mainland Portugal and part 
of the Gulf of Cadiz Northern boundary) is a region susceptible to the seismic activity with origin at the 
Eurasia-Nubia plate boundary and at local tectonic faults. Major cities in the Algarve, situated near the 
coastline, suffered from a fast growth in urbanization due to the main economic activity in the region: 
tourism. 
Recent research on tsunami modelling has been mainly centred in the hydrodynamic issues (e.g., 
propagation). However, the major losses, human lives and economic, occur at the inland areas, and 
so further knowledge on what happens in these areas is needed. Main goal of this research is the 
assessment of inland buildings resilience to tsunami-induced flooding. Focus is given to the simulation 
of the effects of tsunami-induced forces on inland structures by coupling seismic-tectonic, 
hydrodynamic and structural models. At the present stage and for the purpose of this work the 
tsunami-wave height and velocity were obtained from Baptista et al. (2010) and Omira et al. (2011). 
Hydrostatic, hydrodynamic and impact forces were considered and obtained accordingly to FEMA 
P646 (2008) and FEMA P-55 (2011) design codes. Other tsunami-induced forces as buoyant, surge or 
braking-wave were not considered at the current phase of this study.  
A finite-element linear structural analysis was carried out using SAP2000 (Computers & Structures, 
INC.). A highly-detailed 3D model with 33066 solid elements was created to simulate the behaviour of 
a single brick wall with cement render (Figure 1a). The facade with 2.82 m of height by 5.36 m of 
length has vertical concrete piles and a concrete slab respectively at the lateral and upper extremities 
of the masonry wall (0.27 m width). Dead loads were not considered for the purpose of this analysis. 
Different values of tsunami-wave height were considered, with a maximum of 10 m as observed at the 
coastline near to the city of Faro (capital city of the district of Algarve) during the tsunami subsequent 
to the 1755 Lisbon Earthquake (Baptista et al., 2010).  The finite-element analysis (Figure 1b) 
revealed to be particularly useful to evaluate structural and non-structural damages and evidenced 
that building facades with single ceramic brick walls and Portland cement mortar (typical construction 
in the Algarve from the 60’s to the 80’s) can suffer major damages from tsunami-induced forces (e.g., 
hydrostatic forces; see Figure 1c). In order to reduce these damages it is vital a better understanding 
of the behaviour of building facades under tsunami waves. 
The preliminary results from this simple numerical experience show that future work will be needed to 
develop our knowledge on this subject. Computational nonlinear structural analysis and laboratory 
simulations are currently in progress to evaluate the response of different types of building facades 
(e.g., materials, construction methods). The authors hope that this research may give a useful tool to 
engineers and planners who deal with flood risk assessment in coastal areas and ultimately help to 
improve resiliency of building facades. 
 International Conference on Flood Resilience:  
Experiences in Asia and Europe 
5-7 September 2013, Exeter, United Kingdom 
 
 
 
Figure 1. a) Finite-element wall model; b) Example of principal tension stress distribution for 
hydrostatic load; c) Principal tension stress to mortar rupture tension stress ratio vs. wave height to 
facade height ratio. 
REFERENCES 
Baptista, M. A. and Miranda, J. M. (2009). Revision of the Portuguese catalog of tsunamis. Natural 
Hazards and Earth System Sciences, 9, 25-42. 
Baptista, M. A, Miranda, J. M. and Luís J. (2010). Cartografia do Risco de Tsunami (Cartography of 
the Risk of Tsunami). In: Estudo do Risco Sismico e de Tsunamis do Algarve (Study of the 
Seismic and Tsunami Risk in the Algarve), Autoridade Nacional de Protecção Civil, Carnaxide, 
Portugal, pp. 71-84. 
FEMA P-55, Coastal Construction Manual: Principles and Practices of Planning, Siting, Designing, 
Constructing, and Maintaining Residential Buildings in Coastal Areas (2011). 4th edn., Federal 
Emergency Management Association, Washinghton DC, USA. 
FEMA P646, Guidelines for Design of Structures for Vertical Evacuation from Tsunamis (2008). 
Federal Emergency Management Association, Washinghton DC, USA. 
Omira, R., Baptista, M. A. and Miranda J. M. (2011). Evaluating Tsunami Impact on the Gulf of Cadiz 
Coast (Northeast Atlantic). Pure and Applied Geophysics, 168(6-7), 1033-1043. 


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Modelling the effects of tsunami-induced forces on building facades

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