While discourse relations can be signaled explicitly with conjunctions (Ex. 1) or adverbials (Ex. 2), (1) “We’ve started trying just about anything to keep sales moving in the stores, ” says Kim Renk, a Swank vice president. But there are limits. [wsj0280]1 (2) They both called it a “welcome home ” gathering. Nevertheless, an ANC rally by any other name is still an ANC rally. [wsj0559] we also find sentences (Ex. 3–5) with both forms of DRD: (3) If that became public knowledge, the last bit of influence she had over her bank would be gone. So instead she hardened her soul and pretended to be a banker who was working her own will. [COCA] (4) It’s past ten. I could go to bed but instead I crawl out the window onto my little roof with the joint behind my ear. [COCA] (5) Appealing to a young audience, he scraps an old reference to Ozzie and Harriet and instead quotes the Grateful Dead. [wsj 1615] In such cases, the conjunction and adverbial can each signal a distinct discourse relation. A previous crowd-sourced study of four adverbials that can co-occur with conjunctions (Jiang, 2013) asked respon