Moskvina, A. O.

Panayotova, T. P.

Pravnik, Iu. O.

Ukrainian

Цифровий репозиторій ХНАМГ (KNAME Digital Repository)

 20 Литература: 1. Демичев В. В. Рейтинг инклюзивного развития экономики сельского хозяйства регионов России / В. В. Демичев // Российский экономический интернет-журнал, 2018. –№ 3. URL: https://readera.ru/142216949 (дата обращения: 23.01.2020). 2. Индекс инклюзивного развития 2018: Всемирный экономический форум в Давосе. URL: http://www.econominews.ru/mirovaja-jekonomika/524-indeks-inkljuzivnogo-razvitija-2018-vsemirnyjj.html (дата обращения: 23.01.2020). 3. Левенков А. Инклюзивный рост: понятие, индикаторы, международный опыт /               А. Левенков // Банкаўскі веснік, 2016, снежань. URL: http://nbrb.by/bv/articles/10208.pdf (дата обращения 24.01.2020). 4. Новиков А. И. Инклюзивная экономика и социальная ответственность в регионах мира: дилемма или общественное согласие / А. И. Новиков, М. К. Виткина // Региональная экономика и управление: электронный научный журнал, 2018. № 2 (54). Номер статьи: 5401. URL: https://eee-region.ru/article/5401/ (дата обращения 23.01.2020). 5. Слободян Е. Что за индекс инклюзивного развития стран? / Е. Слободян. – 2018-01-26. URL: https://aif.ru/dontknows/actual/chto_za_indeks_inklyuzivnogo_razvitiya_stran (дата обращения 24.01.2020).   COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF INCLUSIVE AND EXCLUSIVE ECONOMIES  Т. P. PANAYOTOVA, PhD in Engineering, Docent, Head of the Department of Industrial Management Technical University of Varna, Varna, Bulgaria А. O. MOSKVINA, PhD in Economics, Docent, Associate Professor at the Department of Economic Theory and International Economics O. M. Beketov National University of Urban Economy in Kharkiv, Kharkiv, Ukraine Iu. O. PRAVNIK, Lecturer at the Department of Business Foreign Language and Translation V. N. Karazin Kharkiv National University, Kharkiv, Ukraine  Nowadays, many scientists who study the development of society talk about the need for the world economy to switch to an inclusive (from lat. inclusivus «inclusive») development path, though in fact the current world economic system operates within the framework of exclusive priorities. Specialists of Rockefeller Foundation, which studies the problems of an inclusive economy, give five of its characteristics: population participation, equality, growth, sustainability and stability. 1. Despite the differences, people have equal opportunities to fully participate in economic life and influence its future. This is facilitated by the transparency and uniformity of rules and norms. 2. Vertical mobility for a larger number of people is provided, especially from poor and socially disadvantaged groups. 3. Economic growth should include such directions that characterize not only material, but also social well-being.  21 4. Participants in the economy have sufficient confidence in their future, so economic systems are becoming more resilient to possible shocks. 5. Inclusiveness, opening up the possibility of realizing the potential of all groups of workers, ensures intergenerational well-being. Representatives of the Foundation consider an economy to be “inclusive” under the conditions that the opportunities to realize the personal potential of those who face the greatest obstacles to their social advancement are created and are constantly expanding [6]. Inclusivity is becoming the main focus of global social studies. The report of the World Economic Forum «Report on Inclusive Growth and Development – 2017» notes that «there is no greater problem for leaders around the world than expanding the participation of society in the process and the benefits of economic growth» [7]. A world ranking of the inclusion of national economies has already been compiled, in which 109 countries were ranked in 2017, the first three places were taken by Norway, Luxembourg and Switzerland [7]. In the aspect of inclusiveness, practically all aspects of social production are considered – economic growth (4), and regional economics, and labor in an inclusive society, and a financing strategy [5], youth opportunities in an inclusive economy [8], environmental aspects of an inclusive economy, and much more. An inclusive economy is the main driver in creating a socially oriented approach. Its goal is to ensure equal access for people to economic independence and unhindered interaction between social groups. The transition to an inclusive civilization would mean, in the aspect of the social organization of public life, a new step in curbing bureaucratic omnipotence and strengthening the position of civil society. To find the ratio of private and public interest within the framework of the modern economic system, the perfect balance between people, the planet and     growth – this is the principle of social responsibility, which can be implemented in an inclusive economy. With the advent of Computer-Internet technology, a return to interest in the personality of the employee began, where a direct relationship can be found: the higher the creativity of production, the stronger the trend towards inclusiveness. In an inclusive economy, each person should be involved in the labor process, taking into account his individual abilities, have access to basic resources to support his life and equal opportunities to participate in universal economic processes. Inclusive economic growth provides a stable and long-term improvement in the lives of all segments of the population. International comparisons show that countries with greater inclusiveness of the socioeconomic system, in which the solution of social problems in society and the formation of policies aimed at social protection of certain social categories and equalization of incomes, are more resistant to external threats and economic crises. In contrast to inclusive, exclusive (from English exclusive «exceptional») economy presents unequal opportunities for countries and their citizens in the modern world. We can observe this injustice in the process of expanding globalization and deriving benefits from it. The benefits of globalization, like everything else, such as  22 income, resources, etc., planets are distributed unevenly. It is a well-known fact that 20 % of the planet’s population possesses 80 % of its resources and income from them, and 80 % of the planet’s population distributes among themselves only 20 % of the planet’s benefits and is also uneven. And it is unlikely that this can be changed under the universal slogans of inclusion, since power is concentrated where resources and revenues are. Thus, the new global economy is a highly dynamic, exclusive and highly unstable system in terms of its own borders, where all the advantages mainly belong to developed countries as «exclusive owners of the world». The more exclusive the economy is, the more often and deeper crisis phenomena occur in it. There are different new factors of exclusivity of crises. For example, the factor of exclusivity of the financial crisis lies in the sphere of influence of modern monetary theory, where developed countries, especially those that emit reserve currencies or are members of the currency union represented by reserve currency (euro), are able to replace fiscal mechanisms for the formation of resource the basis for the development of the economy with additional debt instruments that open unlimited for the development of social and infrastructure capital, unlimitedly increasing internal capitalization of the economy. The profit factor here no longer plays its initial role, and a simple ratio of costs and benefits in the form of new assets comes to the fore. Such a mechanism of action is applicable in all spheres of life, which ultimately leads to imbalances and we get a systemic multicrisis of the world economy and, to one degree or another, of each individual state. Modern reality is more like the economy of an exclusive civilization with its extractive institutions – created by few to extract resources from many who are unable to protect their rights and create incentives for economic activity. Extractive economic institutions allow elites – groups that control political power in the           country – to manage the state’s economy for their own benefit. They prevent other groups of citizens from benefiting from participation in economic relations. Extractive institutions allow or establish the alienation of property or income in favor of narrow groups. Examples are unlimited monarchies, various types of dictatorial, totalitarian and veiled pseudo-democratic regimes, where the elites maintain their power with the help of the army, police, dependent courts and other structures. As long as there are elite people whose elitism is determined not by education and their intelligence, but by their level of income and power, which creates stratification, and with it the run of the soul, there can be no talk of an inclusive economy, and all modern inclusion with its national ratings economies can only lead us to a pseudo-inclusive economy. An inclusive or exclusive economy is based on the principles of inclusion or exclusion of individuals or groups in various social communities. Living in a society and interacting with its members, we continuously «sort» people and thus form a group of our inner circle. In the end, it should be noted that exclusion is an objectively existing phenomenon that is always present in any country and any society. At various stages of the development of society, it acquires its own specific features, and it is impossible to overcome it. Although the possibility of a significant reduction in exclusion using inclusion methods is not excluded. The more social,  23 created conditions within countries, the more inclusive economies, and where the appropriate conditions for employment, all-age and universal access to resources are not created, an exclusive economy dominates for the elite. It is impossible to unequivocally divide the economy into inclusive or exclusive. Each economy has elements of two development directions. This may also be due to the fact that the same influence factors can have multidirectional actions, and positive processes that, it would seem, initially, can lead to negative consequences. On the one hand, the expanding processes of disseminating general access to information and introducing innovations in the economy of not only economically developed, but also developing countries, opens up potential development opportunities for both the global and national economies, are part of the inclusion process. And, on the other hand, in the era that is approaching, at the top of power there is a small but rich network netocracy – a form of society management, within which the main value is full access to information and manipulation with the help of it and technology, which provides power over the rest participants in a particular society – exclusion. Thus, the same processes lead us to different results of economic development. In an inclusive economy, some common features are traced with socialist or even communist systems. A purely inclusive economy is a utopia from the point of view of its implementation in modern society, it is a scientific abstraction, and it can be applied only as a direction of movement. An exclusive economy leads to a crisis of the entire economic system. Also, the problem of the ownership of the resources of a particular territory or country cannot be resolved within the framework of an inclusive economy, but within the framework of an exclusive one it causes aggressive actions by the parties. Perhaps there are options for presenting the exclusive inclusiveness of the modern economy, when each country has its own exclusive economy, which should be adapted to other economies and the world as a whole, entering into mutually beneficial inclusive relations, without exerting a negative impact on their economies and increasing the welfare of their citizens evenly.  Literature: 1. Алесина А. Культура и институты. Часть I / А. Алесина, П. Джулиано // Вопросы экономики, 2016. – № 10. – С. 82–111. 2. Яковлева Е. Л. Эксклюзивная инклюзивность творческой личности /                             Е. Л. Яковлева // Карельский научный журнал, 2015. – № 1 (10). – С. 27–30. 3. Acemoglu D. Why Nations Fail: The Origins of Power, Prosperity, and Poverty /                     D. Acemoglu, J. A. Robinson //  New York: Crown Publishers. 2012. – 571 р. 4. Jacobs M. Rethinking Capitalism: Economics and Policy for Sustainable and Inclusive Growth / M. Jacobs, M. Mazzucato (Eds.). – Wiley-Blackwell, 2016. – 224 p. 5. Kelly M. Strategies for financing the inclusive economy / M. Kelly, V. Duncan,              S. Dubb // Democracy Collaborative. 2016. URL: http://democracycollaborative.org/financinginclusion). 6. Pacetti E. G. The Five Characteristics of an Inclusive Economy: Getting Beyond the Equity-Growth Dichotomy / E. G. Pacetti // The Rockefeller Foundation, 2016. December 13. URL: https://www. rockefellerfoundation.org/blog/five-characteristics-inclusive-economy-getting-beyondequity-growth-dichotomy/ (accessed: 20.01.2020)  24 7. The Inclusive Growth and Development Report 2017. Geneva: World Economic Forum. 2017. URL: https:// www.weforum.org/reports/the-inclusive-growth-and-development-report-2017 (accessed: 20.01.2020) 8. Wallace J. Opportunity Youth: The Key to an Inclusive Economy / J.  Wallace // Forbes, 2016. – May 16. URL: https://www.forbes.com/sites/gradsoflife/2016/05/16/opportunity-youth-thekey-to-an-inclusive-economy/#23a07a9f628d (accessed: 20.01.2020)   РОЛЬ ГОСУДАРСТВА В СТАНОВЛЕНИИ ИНКЛЮЗИВНОГО ИНСТИТУЦИОНАЛЬНОГО РЕЖИМА  А. Н. БРОНИЦКИЙ, канд. экон. наук, доц., доц. кафедры экономики и предпринимательства Харьковский институт Межрегиональная академия управления персоналом, г. Харьков  Вопрос о роли государства в экономических процессах является одним из самых дискуссионных. Новый виток дискуссий связан с поиском связи институтов, институционального проектирования с экономической динамикой. В последнее время большую популярность в экономической науке получила теория инклюзивных и экстрактивных режимов, разработанная в работах Д. Асемоглу, Дж. Робинсона, С. Джонсона [1-2]. Согласно этой концепции, технологический прогресс и экономический рост характерен такому типу экономического развития, который базируется на инклюзивных (вовлекающих) институтах. Режим, базирующийся на инклюзивных институтах, формирует свободный доступ к ресурсам всему населению страны, дает стимулы и возможности для экономической активности широких слоев населения. В отличие от инклюзивного, экстрактивный институциональный режим (извлекающий), это такой режим, институты которого характеризуются защитой интересов ограниченной элиты. Украина, по данному критерию, является страной с экстрактивным институциональным режимом. Выйти стране из перманентного экономического кризиса на траекторию экономического развития без активной и целенаправленной деятельности государства невозможно. Вопреки господству либеральной доктрины в отношении государства, его врастание в хозяйственную жизнь социума последние сто лет было неуклонным и стремительным. Как результат этого при всех социально-культурных различиях можно наблюдать повсеместное увеличение государственной квоты (отношение всех государственных расходов к ВВП). Сто лет назад она составляла 5-7 %, а сегодня – 40-60 % [2, с. 4]. Однако здесь не существует простой линейной зависимости. Более того эффективность государства в наших условиях определяется его способностью быть не субъектом рыночного пространства, а его организатором. Это свидетельствует о том, что центр деятельности государства должен смещаться в сторону институционального преобразования. Это особенно актуально для Украины. Академик В. М. Геец оценивает данную ситуацию следующим образом: в 

Comparative analysis of inclusive and exclusive economies

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Comparative analysis of inclusive and exclusive economies

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