A Particle Finite Element Method is here applied to the simulation of
landslide-water interaction. An elastic-visco-plastic non-Newtonian, Bingham-like constitutive
model has been used to describe the landslide material. Two examples are
shown to show the potential of the approach

Cremonesi, Massimiliano

Di Prisco, Claudio

Perego, Umberto

English

UPCommons. Portal del coneixement obert de la UPC

Keynote Lecturer: Umberto Perego A PFEM approach to the simulation of landslide generated water-wavesV International Conference on Computational Methods for Coupled Problems in Science and EngineeringCOUPLED PROBLEMS 2013S. Idelsohn, M. Papadrakakis and B. Schrefler (Eds)A PFEM APPROACH TO THE SIMULATION OFLANDSLIDE GENERATED WATER-WAVESMASSIMILIANO CREMONESI∗, CLAUDIO DI PRISCO∗ ANDUMBERTO PEREGO∗∗Department of Civil and Environmental EngineeringPolitecnico di MilanoPiazza Leonardo Da Vinci, 32, 20133 Milan, Italye-mail:cremonesi@stru.polimi.it, claudio.diprisco@polimi.it, umberto.perego@polimi.itKey words: landslide simulation, PFEM, Lagrangian approachAbstract. A Particle Finite Element Method is here applied to the simulation oflandslide-water interaction. An elastic-visco-plastic non-Newtonian, Bingham-like con-stitutive model has been used to describe the landslide material. Two examples areshown to show the potential of the approach.1 INTRODUCTIONCatastrophic landslides impinging into water reservoirs may generate impulsive waveswhose propagation can cause considerable damages. This is an exceptional natural haz-ard, usually associated with erosion, fault movements, earthquakes, heavy rainfalls orstorms. The prediction of landslides velocity, runout distance and travelling path is use-ful for preventing and mitigating the consequences of these events. Recent developmentsin the simulation techniques for coupled problems have led to efficient analysis proceduresallowing for the accurate reproduction of landslide-reservoir interactions (see for example[1, 2]). The numerical analysis of these events requires capabilities for tracking interfacesand free surfaces undergoing large displacements, and accounting for the mixing of dif-ferent constituents, for complex constitutive behaviours and for multi-physics processes.A recently developed Lagrangian finite element approach formulated in the spirit of theParticle Finite Element Method [3, 4, 5] is here reconsidered and adapted to the specificcase of landslide-reservoir interaction.Owing to its capability of automatically tracking free-surfaces and interfaces, the pro-posed method is particularly suitable for the simulation of landslide-water interactionproblems, which are dominated by fast propagating waves and interfaces.1756Massimiliano Cremonesi, Claudio di Prisco and Umberto Perego2 NUMERICAL TECHNIQUEThe Particle Finite Element Method (PFEM) was orginally developed [5, 6, 7] forsolving problems involving free surfaces fluid flows and fluid-structure interaction. Themethod is here revisited and applied to the simulation of landslides, their interaction witha basin and the generation and propagation of water waves.Both landslide and water motions are governed by Lagrangian Navier-Stokes equations:ρ0DuDt= DivΠ + ρ0b in Ω0 × (0, T ) (1)Div(JF−1u)= 0 in Ω0 × (0, T ) (2)In the first equation, expressing momentum balance, ρ0 is the density of the fluid, u isthe velocity, Π = JσF−T is the first Piola-Kirchhoff stress tensor, σ is the Cauchy stresstensor, F is the deformation gradient, J is the determinant of F and Ω0 represents theinitial (and reference) configuration. In the second equation, expressing mass conservationin view of the assumed incompressibility, u is the velocity vector.A classical Finite Element procedure is used to discretize the problem in space while abackward Euler scheme is employed for the time integration. In the spirit of the ParticleFinite Element Method, to avoid excessive mesh distortion due to the Lagrangian natureof the equations, the domain is frequently remeshed. An index of the element distortionis used to check whether the mesh should be regenerated or not. When a new mesh isto be created a Delaunay triangulation technique is used to redefine the nodal connec-tivity starting from the current node position. Morever, an ”alpha shape” technique isintroduced to identify the free-surfaces and the interacting surfaces between water andlandslide. Details on the numerical procedure can be found in [2, 3, 4, 5].3 CONSTITUTIVE LAWBoth the landslide and the reservoir water have been modelled as viscous fluids. TheCauchy stress tensor σ = σ(x, t) is decomposed into its hydrostatic p and deviatoric τcomponents as σ = −pI+ τ where I the identity tensor.Water is assumed to be a Newtonian isotropic incompressible fluid. Focusing on aone-dimensional case, the constitutive law can be expressed as:τ = µγ̇ (3)where µ is the dynamic viscosity and γ̇ is the one-dimensional shear rate.Unlike in standard Navier-Stokes formulations, the landslide material is assumed toobey an elastic-visco-plastic non-Newtonian, Bingham-like constitutive model to be ableto consider also the initial phase of static equilibrium which precedes the activation ofthe landslide motion. The main assumptions are as follows. The landslide material isincompressible. Only small strains take place in the initial static equilibrium phase, sothat linear compatibility can be assumed. In this phase, viscous strains are also small2757Massimiliano Cremonesi, Claudio di Prisco and Umberto Peregosince nodal velocities are vanishing and the deviatoric effective stress is in general belowthe yield limit. When external actions trigger the landslide motion and the elastic limit isexceeded, large viscoplastic deformations take place, so that the elastic part of the straincan be neglected. From now onward, the running landslide behaves as a viscoplasticBingham fluid. To be able to deal with the static phase, the balance equation (1) containsa stiffness dependent internal force contribution, in addition to the viscous term. Theprimary variables are as usual nodal velocities and pressures, but nodal displacements arealso computed in the static phase through time integration, to allow for the computationof the stiffness contribution.In the assumed model the deviatoric stress τ can be expressed as:τ ={µ̃γ̇ +Gγe per τ < τyτy + µ̃γ̇ per τ ≥ τy (4)where γe is the elastic part of the deviatoric strain, γ̇ = γ̇e + γ̇p is the deviatoric strainrate and τy a yield shear stress. µ̃ is an apparent viscosity defined as:µ̃ = µ+p · tan(ϕ)|γ̇|(1− e−n|γ̇|)(5)where ϕ is the friction angle. When τ < τy the behaviour is viscoelastic and dominatedby the elastic term Gγe, conversely when the yield stress is reached (τ ≥ τy)a viscoplasticbehaviour is obtained. The exponential term in (5) has only a regularization purpose[2, 8], and has not to be given a constitutive interpretation. The extension to the 3D isstraightforward.This model can be easily used to describe landslides originated from layered slopes.Furthermore, the soil transition from an initial static equilibrium state to an unstablelandslide, due to an imposed ground acceleration, can be also accounted for.4 NUMERICAL EXAMPLE4.1 Granular flow on a rigid obstructionThe estimation of the impact force of a flowing landslide against a rigid wall is criticalfor the safety assessement of protection structures such as earth retaining walls. In [9],small-scale tests have been conducted to measure the impact force on a rigid wall of asand flow. In the same paper, numerical tests have also been performed in an Eulerianframework to analyze and reproduce the laboratory results. The previously describedapproach has been used to simulate these tests and its results have been validated againstboth the experimental and numerical results in [9].Figure 1 depicts a schematic representation of the problem geometry. As suggested in[9], the following physical parameters are used:ρ = 1379Kg/m3 µ = 1Pa s ϕ = 35◦3758Massimiliano Cremonesi, Claudio di Prisco and Umberto PeregoFigure 1: Granular flow on a rigid obstruction: schematic representation of the problem.Other details about the geometry of the problem as well as about the calibration of theparameters can be found in [9].Four different tests have been performed varying the flume inclination θ. Figure 2shows the impact force time histories for the different flume inclinations, compared withexperimental and numerical outputs of [9]. In all cases, good agreement is obtained.Finally, figure 3 shows snapshots of the simulation at different time steps for the caseof θ = 55◦.4.2 Landslide interaction with water reservoirWater waves generated by fast landslides impinging in water basins can be very dan-gerous for the safety of the surrounding area. To study this phenomenon, the simplified2D geometry of the Gilbert Inlet, at the head of the Lituya bay, Alaska, considered in [10]and reproducing the experimental setup in [11], has been used to simulate the motion ofa landslide along the slope and the formation and propagation of the water waves on theopposite side.In Figure 4 different snapshots of the simulation are shown. In [11], an experimentallandslide run-up on the opposite side of 152 m has been measured, which compares wellwith the value of 160 m obtained with the present simulation (a run-up height of 226 mwas obtained in [10]).4759Massimiliano Cremonesi, Claudio di Prisco and Umberto Perego 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 0  0.5  1  1.5  2Impact force (N)Time (s)slope angle 50present methodexperimental valuesMoriguchi et at. 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 0  0.5  1  1.5  2Impact force (N)Time (s)slope angle 55present methodexperimental valuesMoriguchi et at. 0 100 200 300 400 500 0  0.5  1  1.5  2Impact force (N)Time (s)slope angle 60present methodexperimental valuesMoriguchi et at. 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 0  0.5  1  1.5  2Impact force (N)Time (s)slope angle 65present methodexperimental valuesMoriguchi et at.Figure 2: Granular flow on a rigid obstruction: impact force time histories for different flume inclinations.REFERENCES[1] Quecedo, M., Pastor, M. and Herreros, M.I. Numerical modelling of impulse wavegenerated by fast landslides. Int. J. Numer. Meth. Engng (2004) 59:1633–1656.[2] Cremonesi, M., Frangi, A. and Perego, U. A Lagrangian finite element approachfor the simulation of water-waves induced by landslides. Computers and Structures(2011) 89:1086–1093.[3] Cremonesi, Frangi, A. and Perego, U. A Lagrangian finite element approach for theanalysis of fluidstructure interaction problems. Int. J. Numer. Meth. Engng (2010)84:610–630.[4] Cremonesi, M., Ferrara,L., Frangi, A. and Perego, U. Simulation of the flow of freshcement suspensions by a Lagrangian finite element approach. J. Non-Newtonian FluidMech (2010) 165:1555–1563.[5] Oñate, E., Idelsohn, S.R., del Pin, F. and Aubry, R. The Particle Finite ElementMethod. An Overview. International Journal Computational Method, (2004) 1:267–307.5760Massimiliano Cremonesi, Claudio di Prisco and Umberto PeregoFigure 3: Granular flow on a rigid obstruction: snapshots of numerical flow.[6] Idelsohn, S.R., Oñate, E. and del Pin, F., The Particle Finite Element Method: APowerful tool to Solve Incompresible Flows with Free-Surfaces and Breaking Waves.International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering, (2004) 61:964–989.[7] Idelsohn, S.R., Oñate, E., del Pin, F. and Calvo, N., Fluid Structure InteractionUsing the Particle Finite Element Method. Computer Methods in Applied Mechanicsand Engineering, (2006) 195:2100–2123.[8] Papanastasiou, T.C., Flows of materials with yield Journal of Rheology, (1987)31:385–404.[9] Moriguchi, S., Borja, R.I. and Yashima, A. and Sawada, K. Estimating the impactforce generated by granular flow on a rigid obstruction. Acta Geotechnica (2009)4:57–71.6761Massimiliano Cremonesi, Claudio di Prisco and Umberto PeregoFigure 4: Landslide interaction with water reservoir. From left to right and from top to bottom, differentphases of numerical simulation.[10] Pastor, M., Herreros, I., Fernandez Merodo, J.A., Mira, P., Haddad, B., Quecedo,M., Gonzalez, E., Alvarez-Cedron, C. and Drempetic, V. Modelling of fast catas-trophic landslides and impulse waves induced by them in fjords, lakes and reservoirsEngineering Geology (2009) 109:124–134.[11] Fritz, H.M., Hager, W.H., and Minor, H.-E. Lituya Bay case: rockslide impact andwave run-up. Science of Tsunami Hazards (2001) 19:3–22.7762

A PFEM approach to the simulation of landslide generated water-waves

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A PFEM approach to the simulation of landslide generated water-waves

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