© 2015 Huang et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/     The attached file is the published version of the article

A Camargo

A Kawakita

A Løken

A Mjelde

A Papadopoulou

AJ Drummond

AM Aytekum

AS Skorikov

BC Carstens

Chao-Dong Zhu

D Darriba

D Goulson

G Talavera

HM Hines

J An

J Huang

J Pons

J Zachos

JA Esselstyn

Jiandong An

Jiaxing Huang

Jie Wu

K De Queiroz

M Ito

M New

MA Larkin

MK Fujita

N Harris

OE Prys-Jones

P Potapov

P Rasmont

P Williams

Paul H. Williams

PDN Hebert

PH Williams

R Delmas

R Sithaldeen

S Lee

SA Cameron

T Fujisawa

Z Xie

PLoS ONE

English

PubMed

Megabombus bumblebees have unusually long tongues and are generally more specialised than other bumblebees in their choice of food plants. The phylogeny of Megabombus bumblebees shows that speciation was concentrated in two periods. Speciation in the first period (ca 4.25-1.5 Ma) is associated with the late rise of the Hengduan Mountains at the eastern end of the Qinghai-Tibetan plateau. Speciation in the second period (1.2-0.3 Ma) is associated with climatic cooling in the northern forests. The most extreme food-specialist species belong to the second period, which may point to climate as a factor in specialisation. These extreme specialist species occur either in the far north (Bombus consobrinus), or at high elevations (Bombus gerstaeckeri), in situations where long tongues coincide with the shortest nesting seasons. Species with the longest tongues but occurring further south (even at high elevations) use a broader range of food plants

Paul H Williams

Directory of Open Access Journals

Extreme food-plant specialisation in Megabombus bumblebees as a product of long tongues combined with short nesting seasons.

Huang Jiaxing

An Jiandong

Wu Jie

Williams Paul H.

Public Library of Science (PLOS)

 Bumblebees as a Product of Long Tongues Combined with Short Nesting Seasons

<div>Megabombus bumblebees have unusually long tongues and are generally more specialised than other bumblebees in their choice of food plants. The phylogeny of Megabombus bumblebees shows that speciation was concentrated in two periods. Speciation in the first period (ca 4.25–1.5 Ma) is associated with the late rise of the Hengduan Mountains at the eastern end of the Qinghai-Tibetan plateau. Speciation in the second period (1.2–0.3 Ma) is associated with climatic cooling in the northern forests. The most extreme food-specialist species belong to the second period, which may point to climate as a factor in specialisation. These extreme specialist species occur either in the far north (Bombus consobrinus), or at high elevations (Bombus gerstaeckeri), in situations where long tongues coincide with the shortest nesting seasons. Species with the longest tongues but occurring further south (even at high elevations) use a broader range of food plants.</div

Jiaxing Huang (178661)

Jiandong An (178647)

Jie Wu (10038)

Paul H. Williams (178643)

The Francis Crick Institute

Extreme Food-Plant Specialisation in Megabombus Bumblebees as a Product of Long Tongues Combined with Short Nesting Seasons

© 2015 Huang et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/     The attached file is the published version of the article.NHM Repositor

Huang, J

An, J

Wu, J

Williams, PH

Natural History Museum Repository

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Extreme Food-Plant Specialisation in Megabombus Bumblebees as a Product of Long Tongues Combined with Short Nesting Seasons

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Extreme Food-Plant Specialisation in Megabombus Bumblebees as a Product of Long Tongues Combined with Short Nesting Seasons

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