Ayurveda, the Science of life, commonly uses medicinal plants for treating various diseases. Numerous medicinal plants are being used traditionally for treating parasitic infections in India. In Ayurveda, worm infestation in the gastro intestinal tract is known as Krimi roga. Many Ayurvdeic medicinal plants are used traditionally for treating Krimi roga. Use of synthetic drugs anthelmintic for treating parasitic infestations causes serious toxic side effects in human. Use of Ayurvedic plants has no such side effects and, economical. The paper highlights anthelmintic activities of some of the most important Ayurvedic medicinal plants carried out in vitro in various pharmacological models. A brief review of In vitro anthelmintic activities of thirteen Ayurvedic medicinal plants published by various researchers is illustrated in this paper. The medicinal plants discussed here are Vidanga: Embelia ribes Burm. F, Kalmegh: Andrographis paniculata (Burm.f.) Nees, Gunja: Abrus precatorius L., Kiratatikta: Swertia chirata L., Khadira: Acacia catechu (L.f.) Willd., Ativisha: Aconitum heterophyllum Wall. ex Royle, Saptaparna: Alstonia scholaris (L.) R. Br., Aragvadha: Cassia fistula L., Nimba (Azadirahcta indica A. Juss.), Brahmi: Bacopa monnieri (L.) Penn., Mandukaparni: Centella asiatica (L.) Urban, Vacha: Acorus calamus L. and Chirbhita: Carica papaya L

Bora, *Manajit

Hazra, Jayram

Kawlni, Lalrinpuia

Mukherjee, Koyel

Upadhyay, Sachchidanand

English

International Journal of Ayurveda and Pharma Research

ISSN: 2322 - 0902 (P) ISSN: 2322 - 0910 (O)      IJAPR | November 2017 | Vol 5 | Issue 11  62 International Journal of Ayurveda  and Pharma Research  Review Article  A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW ON IN VITRO ANTHELMINTIC ACTIVITIES OF SOME AYURVEDIC PLANTS Manajit Bora1*, Lalrinpuia1, S.N. Upadhyay2, Koyel Mukherjee3, Jayram Hazra4 *1Research Officer (Pharmacology), 2Assistant Director (Pharmacology), 3Junior Research Fellow (JRF), Dept. of Pharmacology, 4Director, National Research Institute of Ayurvedic Drug Development (CCRAS), 4 CN Block, Sec. V, Bidhannagar, Kolkata, India. ABSTRACT Ayurveda, the Science of life, commonly uses medicinal plants for treating various diseases. Numerous medicinal plants are being used traditionally for treating parasitic infections in India. In Ayurveda, worm infestation in the gastro intestinal tract is known as Krimi roga. Many Ayurvdeic medicinal plants are used traditionally for treating Krimi roga. Use of synthetic drugs anthelmintic for treating parasitic infestations causes serious toxic side effects in human. Use of Ayurvedic plants has no such side effects and, economical. The paper highlights anthelmintic activities of some of the most important Ayurvedic medicinal plants carried out in vitro in various pharmacological models. A brief review of In vitro anthelmintic activities of thirteen Ayurvedic medicinal plants published by various researchers is illustrated in this paper. The medicinal plants discussed here are Vidanga: Embelia ribes Burm. F, Kalmegh: Andrographis paniculata (Burm.f.) Nees, Gunja: Abrus precatorius L., Kiratatikta: Swertia chirata L., Khadira: Acacia catechu (L.f.) Willd., Ativisha: Aconitum heterophyllum Wall. ex Royle, Saptaparna: Alstonia scholaris (L.) R. Br., Aragvadha: Cassia fistula L., Nimba (Azadirahcta indica A. Juss.), Brahmi: Bacopa monnieri (L.) Penn., Mandukaparni: Centella asiatica (L.) Urban, Vacha: Acorus calamus L. and Chirbhita: Carica papaya L. KEYWORDS: Ayurvedic, Medicinal Plants, Anthelmintic. INTRODUCTION Ayurveda, the ‘Science of life’ is an oldest Indian system of Medicine which stresses a balance of three basic humors or energetic i.e. Vata (air), Pitta (bile) and Kapha (phlegm). According to Ayurveda these three regulatory principles are important for health because when these are in balanced state, the body is healthy but when imbalanced disease occurs. Medicinal plants are integral part of Ayurveda for treating various diseases. In Ayurveda, worm infestation in the gastro intestinal tract is known as Krimi roga. Many Ayurvdeic medicinal plants are used traditionally for treating Krimi roga. Use of synthetic drugs anthelmintic for treating parasitic infestations causes serious toxic side effects in human. Use of Ayurvedic plants has no such side effects and, economical. This review describes some of the most common Ayurvedic medicinal plants used as Anthelmentic.  DISCUSSIONS The paper highlights anthelmintic activities of some of the most important Ayurvedic medicinal plants carried out in vitro in various pharmacological models. A brief review of In vitro anthelmintic activities of thirteen Ayurvedic medicinal plants published by various researchers is illustrated in this paper.   1. Vidanga: Embelia ribes Burm. F. Embelin from Emblica ribes at the concentrations of 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10mg/ml showed profound and better anthelmintic activity against Pheretima posthuma than albendazole.[1] Ethanolic extract of seeds of Embelia ribes in the concentrations of 10-200µg/mL exhibited potent anthelmintic activity against roundworm Rhabditis pseudoelongata[2]. Vidangadi churna- an Ayurvedic formulation containing Embelia ribes, Hordeum vulgare, Mallotus philippinensis, Terminalia chebula showed potent in vitro anthelmintic activity against adult earthworm Pheritima posthuma [3]. Aqueous extract of Embelia ribes fruit showed in the concentrations of 3% and 5% showed potent anthelmintic activity against Indian adult earth worm Pheretima posthuma [4]. 2. Kalmegh: Andrographis paniculata (Burm.f.) Nees Ethanol and aqueous extracts of Andrographis paniculata demonstrated anthelmintic activity against adult earth worms (Phertima prosthuma) in three concentrations i.e. 25, 50, 75mg/ml against Indian adult earthworm Pheretima posthuma [5]. Aqueous extract of Andrographis Paniculata leaves showed dose dependent anthelmintic activity against the adult earthworms Pheretima posthuma in the concentrations of 10, 25 and 50mg/ml [6].  Manajit Bora et al. A Comprehensive Review on in Vitro Anthelmintic Activities of Some Ayurvedic Plants      IJAPR | November 2017 | Vol 5 | Issue 11  63 3. Gunja: Abrus precatorius L. Methanolic extracts of Abrus precatorius leaf showed dose-dependent anthelmintic activity against Indian adult earthworms Pheretima posthuma  and  Tubifex tubifex were at the concentrations of 5, 10 and 15mg/ml[7]. Aqueous extract of Abrus precatorius leaves showed significant dose-dependent anthelmintic activity against Pheretima posthuma at 1,2,4 and 8mg/ ml[8]. Aqueous extract of Abrus precatorius root showed anti-cestodal activity against Hymenolepis diminuta in-vitro. Both aqueous extracts of root and stem of Abrus precatorius showed anthelmintic activity against schistosomules of Schistosoma mansoni[9]. Methanolic extract of Abrus precatorius leaf and stem showed dose dependent antihelmintic activity against Pheretima posthuma as compared to a standard drug Albendazole. The mean paralyzing time of Pheretima posthuma with the dose of 25mg/ml was found to be 17.6 ± 2.6 minutes in leaf extract, and 31.16 ± 1.04 minutes in stem extract. In the meantime, Albendazole at the same concentration causes paralysis in 31. 76 minutes[10]. Ethanolic extracts of red seed of Abrus precatorius at the concentration of 20mg/ml and 40mg/ml caused paralysis and death of earthworms Pheretima posthuma. However, the anthelmintic activity of the extract was found to be less than standard drug albendazole[11].  4. Kiratatikta: Swertia chirata L.  Crude aqueous and methanolic extracts of Swertia chirata whole plant at 25mg/ml showed ant-helmintic effect on live Haemonchus contortus[12]. Steam distillates of Swertia chirata alone and in combination of cow urine showed anthelmintic activity against Indian earth worm Pheritema postuma in-vitro. [13] 5. Khadira: Acacia catechu (L.f.) Willd. Alcoholic extract of heartwood of Acacia catechu Willd and its ethyl acetate fractions at the concentrations of 25, 50, 75 and 100mg/ml showed dose-dependent anthelmintic activity against Indian adult earth worms (Pheretima posthuma) in vitro. The ethyl acetate fraction of alcoholic extracts exhibited potent anthelmintic activity compared to alcoholic extract as evidenced by a significant decrease in time of paralysis and death [14]. Ethanol: water (1:1) extract of Acacia catechu leaves at the concentrations of 25, 50, 75 and 100mg/ml was found to possess potent ant-helmintic activity and petroleum ether extract was found to be least activity, while ethanol: water (1:1) extract had intermediate anthelmintic activity against Pheretima posthuma [15]. Methanolic extract of Acacia catechu heartwood at the concentrations of 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100mg/ml showed dose-dependent ant-helmintic activity against Pheretima posthuma [16]. 6. Ativisha: Aconitum heterophyllum Wall. ex Royle Alcoholic and aqueous extracts of Aconitum heterophyllum root at the different concentrations showed dose dependent anthelmintic activity against Indian earth worm Pheritema postuma at the concentrations of 10%, 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, and 100% [17].  7. Saptaparna: Alstonia scholaris (L.) R. Br. Chloroform extracts of Alstonia scholaris demonstrated potent anthelmintic activity against Pheretima posthuma at concentration 20mg/ml but less effective than standard drug albendazole[18]. Chloroform, ethanol and aqueous extracts of Alstonia scholaris (L.) stem bark and roots showed dose-dependent anthelmintic activity against Pheretima posthuma at various concentrations (6.25, 12.5, 25, 50, 75 and 100 mg/ml). Ethanol extract of stem bark exhibited more effective activity than roots extract at all the tested concentrations [19]. 8. Aragvadha: Cassia fistula L. Methanolic extract of Cassia fistula L. fruit pulp and seeds at the concentration of 100mg/ml caused significant paralysis as well as death of earth worm Pheretima posthuma in vitro as compared to the reference drug Piperazine citrate [20]. Water pod extract of Cassia fistula in the concentrations of 1%, 2%, 5% displayed a significant anthelmintic activity in a dose dependent manner against common earthworm Phretima posthuma [21]. 9. Nimba: Azadirahcta indica A. Juss. Aqueous extract of Azadirachta Indica leaves at various concentrations (10-70mg/ml) exhibited ant-helmintic activity in dose-dependent manner against earthworms (Pheretima posthuma), tapeworms (Raillietina spiralis) and roundworms (Ascaridia galli). Maximum activity was observed at the concentration of 40mg/ml for all three types of worms. The plant extract exhibited more potent activity at lowest concentration (10mg/ml) against round worm Ascaridia galli[22]. Methanol extract of Azadirachta indica at the concentration of 4mg/ml showed 40% mortality after 24 hours of treatment on 3rd stage Haemonchus contortus larvae from goats [23]. Aqueous extract of Azadiractha indica at the concentration of 100µg/ml showed paralysis time of 31.34±0.05 minutes and death time of 62.50±1.8 minutes in helminthes [24].  10. Brahmi: Bacopa monnieri (L.) Penn n-butanolic fraction of Bacopa monnieri was found more potent than the ethyl acetate and aqueous fractions when their anthelmintic activity was evaluated separately on adult Indian earth worm, Pheretima posthuma. The activities were comparable with the reference drug piperazine citrate (15mg/ml) and albendazole (10mg/ml) [25]. 11. Mandukaparni: Centella asiatica (L.) Urban Leaf extracts of Centella asiatica at the concentrations 5, 10, 20 and 40mg/ml exhibited moderate level of efficacy against the poultry tapeworm Raillietina echinobothrida, with the mean mortality time ranged from 5 to 14.66 hours. Praziquantel used as reference anthelmintic for comparisons at concentrations 5-40mg/ml, however, showed higher Int. J. Ayur. Pharma Research, 2017;5(11):62-65      Available online at: http://ijapr.in  64 efficacy against the tapeworm than that of the extract [26]. 12. Vacha: Acorus calamus L. Crude methanolic, ethanolic and aqueous extracts of Acorus Calamus L. exhibited significant anthelmintic activity against Indian adult earthworms (Pheretima posthuma) at 100 mg/ml in vitro. Peak activity was exhibited by the methanolic extract at the concentration of 100 mg/ml [27].  13. Chirbhita: Carica papaya L. Carica papaya latex and root showed significant anthelmintic activity at various concentrations (100%, 50%, and 20%) against Indian adult earthworms (Pheretima posthuma). It showed shortest time of paralysis (P=24.5 min) and death (D=56min) in 100% concentration, while the time of paralysis and death will increase in 50% concentration (P=28min&D=64min) and in 20% concentration (P=34min&D=74min) respectively as compare to Piperazine citrate (10mg/ml) used as standard reference (P= 24 min& D= 54) and distilled water as control [28,29]. In vitro ED50 value of Carica papaya was found to be 12.50mg/ml against nematode Ascaris suum [30]. CONCLUSIONS  From the present review it can be concluded that Ayurvedic plants discussed here are very much effective for the treatment of parasitic infestations.  REFERENCES 1. Ghugarkar PG, Nupur A, Inamdar NA, Tarkase KN. In vitro evaluation of anthelmintic activity of Embelin. World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research. 2015; 4(7):1433-1437.  2. Choudhary GP., 2012. Anthelmintic activity of fruits of Embelia ribes Burm. International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Chemical Sciences. 2012; 1(4):1336-1337. 3. Sajith M, Sreekumar TR, Vishnu P., Anthelmintic Activity of Vidangadi Churna. Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and clinical Research. 2013; 6(3):94-95. 4. Kekuda TRP, Kumar SVP, Nishanth BC, Sandeep M. In vitro athelmintic activity of aqueous extract of Embelia ribes. Bio Technology. 2009a; 3(2):87-89. 5. Venkata R. In vitro anthelmintic activity of Andrographis paniculata (Burm.F.) Nees. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Research and Development. 2011;3(3):202-205.  6. Murali J, Maheswari R, Syed Muzammil M, Asogan G. Anthelmintic activity of leaves extract of Andrographis paniculata Nees. International Journal of Pharmacognosy. 2014; 1(6): 404-408. 7. Selvadurai S, Dhana Raju MD, Rao AV, Kirubha TSV. In-vitro anthelmintic activity of methanolic leaf extract of Abrus precatorius Linn. (Fabaceae). Int J Pharmacognosy. 2016; 3(8): 371-74. 8. Vadvel K, Thangabalan B., Mahathi K., Sindhuri T.K., Srilakshmi, T., Babu. SM.. 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In-Vitro Anthelmintic activity of Acorus calamus leaves. Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research. 2013; 6(3):135-137. 28. Kanthal, L.K., Mondal , P., De, S. , Jana, S., Aneela, S., Satyavathi, K. Evaluation of anthelmintic activity of Carica papaya root using Pheritima posthuma. International Journal of Pharmacological Letters and Reviews. 2012; 1(1): 8-9. 29. Kanthal, L.K., Shreekanth, N., Madhuri, L., Bhar, K., Mondal, P., De, S., Manna, S. Evaluation Of anthelmintic activity of Carica papaya latex using Pheritima posthuma. International Journal of Life Science and Pharma Research. 2015; 2(1): L10-L12. 30. Peter, W. and Deogracious O. The In-Vitro Ascaricidal Activity of Selected Indigenous Medicinal Plants Used In Ethno Veterinary Practices In Uganda. Afr. J. Trad. CAM. 2006; 3 (2): 94–103.          Disclaimer: IJAPR is solely owned by Mahadev Publications - A non-profit publications, dedicated to publish quality research, while every effort has been taken to verify the accuracy of the content published in our Journal. IJAPR cannot accept any responsibility or liability for the articles content which are published. The views expressed in articles by our contributing authors are not necessarily those of IJAPR editor or editorial board members.   Cite this article as:  Manajit Bora, Lalrinpuia, S.N. Upadhyay, Koyel Mukherjee, Jayram Hazra. A Comprehensive Review on in Vitro Anthelmintic Activities of Some Ayurvedic Plants. International Journal of Ayurveda and Pharma Research. 2017;5(11):62-65. Source of support: Nil, Conflict of interest: None Declared  *Address for correspondence Dr. Manajit Bora Research Officer (Pharmacology), National Research Institute of Ayurvedic Drug Development (CCRAS), Ministry of Ayush, Govt. of India, 4 CN Block, Sec. V, Bidhannagar, Kolkata.  Mobile No. 9919638751 Email: manajitbora6@gmail.com 

A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW ON IN VITRO ANTHELMINTIC ACTIVITIES OF SOME AYURVEDIC PLANTS

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A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW ON IN VITRO ANTHELMINTIC ACTIVITIES OF SOME AYURVEDIC PLANTS

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