Glycyrrhiza glabra Linn (Yashtimadhu) is a perennial herb commonly known as liquorice. The drug is used in many Ayurvedic formulations like Dasamoolarishtam, Aswagandharishtam, Phalasarpighrita, Khadiragulika, Madhuyastyaditaila etc. Ascertaining the identity, genuineness and purity of herbal drugs has an important role in the maintenance of the quality of the drug and its formulations. The present study was undertaken to assess the preliminary Phyto-chemical constituents of the drug. The preliminary phyto-chemical analysis including quantitative data, qualitative chemical analysis, Thin Layer Chromatography, High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography and Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy were determined. The preliminary Phyto-chemical characteristics observed in the herb may help in standardization, identification and in carrying out further research in Glycyrrhiza glabra Linn

B. S, *Indhu

Hameed, A. Shahul

Shajahan, M.A.

English

International Journal of Ayurveda and Pharma Research

ISSN: 2322- 0902 (P) ISSN: 2322- 0910 (O)      IJAPR | July 2018 | Vol 6 | Issue 7  56 International Journal of Ayurveda  and Pharma Research  Research Article  PHYSICAL AND PHYTO-CHEMICAL EVALUATION OF GLYCYRRHIZA GLABRA LINN (YASHTIMADHU) Indhu B. S1*, M.A.Shajahan2, A. Shahul Hameed2 *1PG Scholar, 2Professor, Dept. of Dravyagunavijnana, Government Ayurveda College, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala. ABSTRACT Glycyrrhiza glabra Linn (Yashtimadhu) is a perennial herb commonly known as liquorice. The drug is used in many Ayurvedic formulations like Dasamoolarishtam, Aswagandharishtam, Phalasarpighrita, Khadiragulika, Madhuyastyaditaila etc. Ascertaining the identity, genuineness and purity of herbal drugs has an important role in the maintenance of the quality of the drug and its formulations. The present study was undertaken to assess the preliminary Phyto-chemical constituents of the drug. The preliminary phyto-chemical analysis including quantitative data, qualitative chemical analysis, Thin Layer Chromatography, High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography and Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy were determined. The preliminary Phyto-chemical characteristics observed in the herb may help in standardization, identification and in carrying out further research in Glycyrrhiza glabra Linn. KEYWORDS: Yashtimadhu, Glycyrrhiza glabra Linn, Phytochemistry. INTRODUCTIONYashtimadhu (Glycyrrhiza glabra Linn) is a tall perennial herb or under shrub mainly distributed in sub-tropical and warm temperate regions. The root of this plant has been used in India since time immemorial. It is effectively proved with properties such as memory enhancing activity1, anti-oxidant activity2, anti-microbialactivity3 etc. Yashtimadhu (Glycyrrhiza glabra Linn) is an important drug included in many number of drug groups mentioned by Caraka Samhitha (an ancient Indian medical literature) mainly Sandhaniya, Vamanopaga, Chardinigrahaniya, Mutavirajaniya etc. It is also a major ingredient in several Ayurvedic formulations such as Dasamoolarishtam, Aswagandh-arishtam, Phalasarpighrita, Khadiragulika, Madhu-yastyaditaila etc. These are being widely manufactured by pharmaceuticals and used by practitioners. So it is very important to assess its genuineness. The objective of the present study is to evaluate the preliminary phyto-chemical characteristics of the drug. MATERIALS AND METHODS Collection of Drug The genuine samples of Yashtimadhu (Glycyrrhiza glabra Linn) were collected from the herbal garden of Central Ayurveda Research Institute for Respiratory Disorders, Patiala, Punjab and was authenticated from Pharmacognosy Unit, Poojappura, Thiruvananthapuram. They were shade dried and packed in zip lock polythene bag. Study-setting Drug Standardisation Unit, Govt. Ayurveda College, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala. Physico-chemical evaluation  Physico-chemical analysis including the analyzing parameters such as the foreign matter, moisture content, ash values, fiber content, volatile oil content, sugar content, extractive values, qualitative analysis, and heavy metal analysis by Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy and chromatographic techniques as TLC, HPTLC were done. The procedures were done as per guidelines mentioned in Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India.4  Preparation of sample drug  The samples of Glycyrrhiza glabra Linn (sufficient quantity) were collected, cleaned and dried in shade. After drying, the coarsely powdered drug was kept in air tight containers. Reagents used  Xylene, dilute Hydrochloric acid, Petroleum ether, Cyclohexane, Acetone, Acetic anhydride, concentrated Hydrochloric acid, concentrated Sulphuric acid, Magnesium ribbon, neutral Ferric chloride, Benzene, Chloroform, Ethyl acetate, Potassium permanganate, Acetic acid, Fehling’s Indhu B. S et al. Physical and Phyto-Chemical Evaluation of Glycyrrhiza Glabra Linn (Yashtimadhu)      IJAPR | July 2018 | Vol 6 | Issue 7  57 solution, Sodium bicarbonate, Dragendroff’s reagent, Ferric alum, Ethanol, Lead acetate, Sodium oxalate, Ethanol, and distilled water.  Apparatus  Dean and Stark’s apparatus, Clevenger apparatus, Soxhlet apparatus, silica crucible, Bunsen burner, round bottomed flask, measuring jars, beakers, conical flask, funnel, glass rods, watch glass, electronic balance etc. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Total ash represents the inorganic salts present in the drug. Acid insoluble ash represents the contamination of earthy material. The extractive values assist in the evaluation of the constituents soluble in a particular solvent. The moisture content should be less to prevent the bacterial and fungal contamination. The volatile oil content was found to be in trace amount. Preliminary physical and physico-chemical analysis such as foreign matter, moisture content, ash values, sugar content, fiber content, volatile oil content, extractive values were done and the results are summarized in Table No: 1.  Results of preliminary phyto-chemical analysis  The ethanol extractive obtained was subjected to qualitative analysis for identification of various plant constituents like steroids, phenols, alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins and results were depicted in Table No:2. This has got supreme importance since pharmacological action and therapeutic properties of the drug mainly depends on these chemical constituents. The drug showed the presence of appreciable amounts of tannins, steroids and flavonoids and presence of alkaloids and phenols in moderate amount. Testing for these phyto constituents helps in determining the quality of the drug. Results of TLC and HPTLC  The spots obtained in TLC gives a rough idea about the study plant constituents. The best separation was achieved using Toluene, Ethyl acetate, and Formic acid in the ratio of 12:10:2. The plates were first viewed through UV fluorescence viewing cabinet (365nm) and the RF values of the spots were noted (Table No:3). HPTLC was done and the data of the analysis were tabulated (Table No: 4). The HPTLC profiles are shown in figure.  Results of Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy  Atomic absorption spectroscopy is used in the determination of heavy metal elements and some non metal elements in atomic state and the results are shown in Table No:5. Four heavy metals viz., cadmium, iron, lead and copper contents were found within permissible limits. Hence the drug is not contaminated by heavy metals and can be used safely for internal administration. Table 1: Preliminary phytochemical analysis of Glycyrrhizaglabra Linn Sl. No  Name of Experiment  Glycyrrhiza glabra Linn 1.  Foreign matter  0.3 % 2.  Moisture content  5.6 % 3.  Volatile oil content  0.01% 4.  Total ash  4.25% 5.  Acid insoluble ash  0.65% 6.  Fibre content  25.69% 7.  Hot water soluble extractive  17.2% 8.  Alcohol soluble extractive  24.6% 9. Sugar: Total sugar   Reducing Sugar 5.03% 3.2% Table 2: The results of Qualitative chemical analysis of alcoholic extract Sl.No Chemical Constituent  Status  1  Alkaloid  Present  2  Steroid  Present  3  Phenols  Present  4  Flavonoids  Present  5  Tannin  Absent  Int. J. Ayur. Pharma Research, 2018;6(7):56-59      Available online at: http://ijapr.in  58 Table 3: RF values of spots obtained in Chromatography Solvent system  Extract  Spot detection  No: of spots  Rf value  Toluene: Ethyl acetate: Formic acid (12: 10: 2)  Ethanol  UV  2 0.33 0.59  Table 4: RF values of different spots obtained in HPTLC Solvent system  Extract  No: of spots  Rf value  Toluene: Ethyl acetate: Formic acid (12: 10: 2)  Ethanol  3 0.26 0.42 0.55 Table 5: Results of AAS Metals  Sample (ppm)  Cadmium  0.0026  Iron  4.6487  Lead  0.0751  Copper 0.5362                Fig 1. Glycyrrhiza glabra Linn        Fig 2. Root of Glycyrrhiza glabra Linn   Fig 3: HPTLC Plate with solvent system Toluene, Ethyl acetate, Formic acid in ratio (12:10: 2)     Indhu B. S et al. Physical and Phyto-Chemical Evaluation of Glycyrrhiza Glabra Linn (Yashtimadhu)      IJAPR | July 2018 | Vol 6 | Issue 7  59 CONCLUSION Yashtimadhu is not cultivated in Kerala. Since it is used in a large number of Ayurvedic formulations, the genuineness of the drug plays a key role in determining the quality and efficacy of the formulations.  In the present study, various phyto-chemical screening was carried out as per the standard procedure. The study revealed the phyto-chemical constituents which may be responsible for various pharmacological activities of this medicinal plant. Also, TLC and HPTLC results may help in identity and standardization of drug. Also, screening of heavy metals by means of AAS proves the purity of drug. Thus, through this study identity, purity and quality of the drug can be established. Also, further research works can be carried out. REFERENCES 1. A.K.Teltumbde, A.K. Wahurwagh, M.K. Lonare and T.M. Nesari. Effect of Yashtimadhu (Glycyrrhiza Glabra) on Intelligence and Memory Function in Male Adolescents. Scholars Journal of Applied Medical Sciences (SJAMS) 2013; 1(2): 90-95. 2. Nishant P. Visavadiya, Badrish Soni & Nirav Dalwadi. Evaluation of antioxidant and anti-atherogenic properties of Glycyrrhiza glabra root using in vitro models. International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition 2009; 60(2):14. https://doi.org/10.1080/09637480902877998 (accessed 13 Aug 2009). 3. Donatella Pellati, Cristina Fiore, Decio Armanini, Mario Rassu, Giulio Bertiloni. In vitro effects of glycyrrhetinic acid on the growth of clinical isolates of Candida albicans. Phytotherapy Research 2008;23(4):2. https://doi.org/10.1002/ ptrr.2693 (accessed 9 December 2008). 4. Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Part-1, Vol. 3, Govt. of India. Ministry of health and Family welfare, Dept. of ISM&H (AYUSH), New Delhi,2001, 227-40.       Disclaimer: IJAPR is solely owned by Mahadev Publications- dedicated to publish quality research, while every effort has been taken to verify the accuracy of the content published in our Journal. IJAPR cannot accept any responsibility or liability for the articles content which are published. The views expressed in articles by our contributing authors are not necessarily those of IJAPR editor or editorial board members.  *Address for correspondence Dr. Indhu B S  PG Scholar Dept.of Dravyagunavijnana, Government Ayurveda College, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala. Email: drindhubalakrishnan@gmail.com Mob no: 9495506630 Cite this article as:  Indhu B.S, M.A.Shajahan, A. Shahul Hameed. Physical and Phyto-Chemical Evaluation of Glycyrrhiza Glabra Linn (Yashtimadhu). International Journal of Ayurveda and Pharma Research. 2018;6 (7):56-59. Source of support: Nil, Conflict of interest: None Declared  

PHYSICAL AND PHYTO-CHEMICAL EVALUATION OF GLYCYRRHIZA GLABRA LINN (YASHTIMADHU)

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PHYSICAL AND PHYTO-CHEMICAL EVALUATION OF GLYCYRRHIZA GLABRA LINN (YASHTIMADHU)

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