This manual describes the fundamentals of routine work for the surveying of various subjects during SEAFDEC/TD shipboard training.  The manual is composed of three parts; 1. Oceanographic and environmental surveying of the fishing ground, 2. Surveying the fishing operations and 3. Surveying fishery biology

Fukui, Jo

Yanagawa, Hiroyuki

Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center, Training Department Institutional Repository

Text/Reference Book Series No. 62JuIy 1991SURVEY MANUAL FOR OCEANOGRAPHY AND THE ENVIRONMTNT, FISHINGOPERATIONS AND FISHERY BIOLOGY ON SHIPBOARD TRAININGbyJo FUKUIandHiroyuki YANAGAWACONTENTSand Environmental surveying of thePage11 . 0ceanographicF ishing GroundNoon obsecvat ionobsefvat ion Durinq Fishing operationo the rs  . , . . . . . . . . .2. Survey ing  the  F  i sh ing  Ope .a t i ons2 .1  Da te ,  Moon  Age ,  Pos i t i on ,  T ime ,0 the rs2.2 Fishing Gear and MeasurementJ .  Su rvey ing  F  i she ry  B io logy1 .1  Se lec t  i on  o f  Samp les2 .1  We ioh ino  o f  t he  Ca tch  . . . . . . , . , . . . .  1112' t21 .2  Fundamen ta lg  o f  Measu r i nq  . , , . . , . . ,  1 lIntroductionThis manu8l describes the fundamentals of routine work foa thesurveying of various subjects durinq SEAFDEC,/TD shipboard traininq.The manuel is composed of three parts: 1. 0ceenographic and environ-mentel surveying of the f ishing ground, 2. Surveying the f ishingoperations and J. Surveying_ f ishery biology.The oceenoqraphic and environmental €urveyinq of the f ishingground include Lhe 6hiprs posit ion, weather, sea vrater tehperetute endses condit- ions during noon obsecvatLonsi t ime, posit ion, weaLher, 6ndsea condil ions during f ishinq oper€Lions; dnd items of topogrephicobse!v6tion. Surveyinq th€ f i6hinq oper6tions inclodea d6te, t ime,Fishing posit ion and t- ine of operaLion for esch f ishinq method;f ishing gears and their measurement: and weighinq of the catch.Surveying f ishery biology includes the selection of senplea andfundamentals ol measuring in three major f ishing methoddi meLhods ofmeasurement for f ish, crab, shri.mp End squid. l i lEjor referencesreferred lo in the manuel are l isted for the reeders infornation.This f irsL issue of lhe survey manusl wil l  be revised andupdated by Lhe authors as necessary.-2 -1. (beenogrsphic sd Envirdrental Surveyi.tg of the Fishtq crord1 . ' t  Noon observation'1 . ' 1 .1  Sh ip rs  pos i t  i onIt is desireble to adopt 6 f. ix by Land or celegtlal body 6ndNNSS of Lor6n. However, ,hen the ahip is too f6a out at ses Loobgerve the land, oa the sky is overcost 6nd you c6nrt obaeave thecele8tial bodies, you have to sdopt de6d reckoning posit ion. In theseca6ea you heve to mark DRP next to the po8it ion maak on the cheat.1.1.2 } leother, wind direction, wind force, slmodphe.ic pre€sure €nd!,e|nperecufeAdopL the s€me methods end synbols es u€ad in the shtprB logbook. l lnitE of mea€ureoent 6re, 16 points for the r ind directlon,Be6ufort scale fo. the wind force, mb for the atmogphe.ic pressure EndoC for the tenperature.' 1 ,1 ,1  Sea  su r face  tempera tu leTake the LeoDeroture from a bucketful of aeeratet ot re6d offthe electr ical thermometer. I t  is de8lrsble to alnsys adop! the 6anemeon6 of [aking Lhe see surfoce temperature.1. '1.4 Sea condit ion (r.ave)Apply Beaufort scele.1,2 obselvotions durinq f ishinq operetion1.2,1 Time €nd posit ion of €tart ing operetionSshe as noon observet, ion.- t -1.2.2 l l66ther, wind directlon, wlnd force, etmoaphetlc pregaurr,temDeretu!eSanB as noon observ€tion.1.2.t see surfsce tenperatureS€D6 aa noon observation,'1.2.4 Sea botton and midnetor tenperetureRscord if the Net Record6r ls €quipp€d in the ceee of tratloperationa.1.2.5 Current speed and directronRecord if poaaible.1.2.6 Color and t.ansparency of th6 9e€ NeterR€cord if necesssry uslng Forel scale End tran6pa!9ncy boald.1.1 othe.s1.r.1 Tidal cu$ontMeaaur€ the drift of ttl€ shlp, ftshlng deer, drlft iood.1.1.2 Topogrophy of the sea bottomRecord the depth ne€dured by Echo aounde. of fIBh fLndu.1.t.J Quality of the bottonRefgr to the nautical ch6rts, or obsetve the nsterial rt_tached to Lhe ground rope of the t!6trl nrt.bA- 4 -fnvirdnental Survey ltensLFishing Ground Environment (0ceenography, Met.eoroloqy)Bot tonTrawlMidlr€LerTrEwl Lonql .B .  V .  L .Reqular( Noon) Atmospheric Pres.sea surface Temp.F i x e d  S t a . s .  T ,  D .Date, Time, Pos.ALmospheric Pres.sea sucrace Temp.ses Temp. by OepLhdu.rngFishingoperat ionD a t e ,  I i m e  r  P o s .Atmospheric Pres.sea surface Temp.BotLom lemp.Current Dir .  RateDepLhEotton qual i tyi{ater ColofTemp. by Depth+CondiL ionSchoolQ u a l i t yCondi t ionSize- ) -2. Surveying the Fishing 0perotionp2.1 DEte, moon age, position, t ime, others2 .1 ,1  DateRecord the date when the f ishing ope.otion ie carried out,2 .1 ,2  Moon  ageRefer to the nauticel aLm6nec and record to one decioalplace,2 .1 , I  F i sh ing  pos iL iona. Trarrl .  f i8hingShooting position : Record the position when the o6ttouches the bottom. If  the nelmonitot is no! equipped, focord theposition Hhen [he intended length ofwdrp is p8id out Bnd the br6ke iaf6stened.Hauling posit ion : Record the poait ion vrhen houling thewarp starts.b. Longline f i .shingSt8rt shooting ! posit ion nhen f irst gear is shot.FiniBh ohooting ! posit ion when lest gear is shoL.- 5 -c. Purse se-ine f iahing0per€ting posit ion! Posit ion when skiff  released.d. Stick held dip net (Boukearni)operetinq posit ioh: Posit ion when Lhe ship sLop6 and theIuring l ight is swilched on.e .  G i l l  ne t  f i sh inqShoot-ing posit ion I Posit ion when the f i fst radio bouyhas gone out.Hauling posiLion ! Poeit ion rhen the Iast rodio bouy iBtaken ln!2.1.4 Tioe of the operationa. Tralr l  f ishingFinish shooting r Time vrhen the net touches the bot-tom, or when [he trsnl { inch brskeia fastened.St6rt hauling : Time when h6u1in9 stsrts.b. Longline f iah.ingShooLing t ime r Time when shooting atarls andfinishes.Hauling t ime : Time when hauLing Bterts endfini.shes,c. Purso sein6 flshinqStarl shooting ! lin€ when Bkiff released.Flnlsh hauling I Tina r|l|gn the rhole net has bsgntekcn in aft6r scooping hasfinIeh6d.d. Stick held dlp net (Boukedil)StsrL of fi8hlng ! Tine ,hen the ship atope and theopereLion luring l tght. is swltch€d on.Finish of fishing ! lit|o nh€n the la6t nst i6 heulsd ln.operatione. Gll l  net f iEhingStart ehootirE : Ths rhon the first. radio buoy hasgarre out.Flnl€h shooting ! line flhon the last t6dio buoy h6Bgon€ out 'Stert heuling ! IiiE ihen the flr6t r6dlo buoy i8teken In.Finish hauling : lin€ ihen the leat redio buoy lBtaken lft.- 8 -2 .1  ,5  0 the rsa. Trawl f ishinqShootinq depth I Depth when the net touches thebot tcrn.Haulinq depth I lhe depth |rhen heuling sterts.2,2 f ishinq qesr and messurement2 .2 .1  T raw l  f i sh ingLength of warp : Length of narp rhen thootingfinished.Depth of the net : Depth fron lhe sea surface to netrecorder, odly in the case of nid-v{eter trswl.He.ight of the net : Height me€sured by net recorder.nou!nSpread of Lhe w-ihg t ips! Calculaled velue by neasuring thospreed angle of the retps.Spread of the otter ! Calculeted value by measuling theboards splead angle of the rsrps,Duration of tow : Duration of t ime fron when theground ropeo touch the boLton towhen hauling etarts.-  10  -Condition of ! Whito boilachools Br€eze, ahine, bl6ck spotl(mperCalch on fish finder.DifecLion of t id6lt Dilectlon of currant moving to.current €t d€pthof netSpeed of current : Record to one decinsl place.in knotsDepth of the neL I ll€qsured by net sonde ettached atcentet point of the ainker line,2.2.4 EoLtom vertical longlineMosn irmersion tlm€ | L1/Z + t1, + t2/2tl : Tine apent on shootlng(Finish ahooting) - (StsrtBhoot ng)t2: TIno EPent on hEullng(Ftnish heuling) _ (Starth6uting)r, = i laj.t ing tine 6fter shooting(Stsrt heuling) - (Ftniehshoot 1n9)Record the nunber of hook6 rhich hooked ft8h.- 1't -2.1 }{eighing of the Catch2 ,1 , ' l  T r6wI  f i sh ingSort the catch into species a6 fer aa possible, except trashfishes, then weigh the whole catch using a balance scele. l{hen thecatch is very big and canrL be reighed altogether, reigh, or 4 con-tsiners f i l led yrith lhe same species of f ish end caLculote aveaageweight, then count nunber of contalnere.2.1.2 Iuna longline f iahing}leigh e€ch individual f ish,2. r. ,  BoLlon verl ical IonglineWeigh each ind ividual f ish,-12_t. Surveyirq Fishefy EiologyJ,1 Selection of samples1 .1 .1  T raw I  f i  sh i ngSelect sevef,al target species and pick about 100 samples ofeach species randomly from the sorted sanples (refer 2.t).I f  the number of f lsh from the targeted specieB i6 Iess than100, use a1I of thern.Whefe possible the Larget species selecLed should be the sanespecieo aa in the other 6urveys.If aare species sae identif ied, preserve the specim6na in s10% formalin solution snd confirm collecting data. The apeclmenirshould then be examined in the laboratory. Collecting data shoulddescribe the fol lowing: '1. Date and t ime of col lecLion, 2. Locstlon ihdetai l ,  , .  Fishing method, 4. Depth, 5. Avail€bIe oceanographicinformetion, 6. other informetion considered imporLant.J. ' l  .2 Tuna longlineAII tuns, tuna-like species, msrlin and sailf ish.L'l. l  Botton verlical longlineSelected major speciee.-1 t -1.2 Fundamentals of neesuring) .2 .1  T raw l  f i sh ingleigh each of the targeted species l l i th a balence scale, andme€sure the total length using a punch cerd. Donrt forqeL to recordthe body weight and species name or identif ied abbreviation on thepuncn cato.,.2,2 Tuna longlineWeigh the body, neasure the va.ioue deoignated lengths (referl. l) ,  examine the sex, weiqh the gonads and check the msJor stonachconEenLS.f .2 , J  BoL ton  ve r t i ca l  l ong l i nefleigh the body of each of the selected major specles i i th sbalance scale, end measure the total length using s punch card. Donrtforget to record lhe body {eight and 6peciea nome or identif iedabbaevietion on the punch card.l . l  Method€ of measurementMajo! measurements for f ish inspecies, narl in and sail f ish, shsrk,species are as fol lows!general, tune end tun6-1ikeray, crab, shrimp end squid- 14 -l , l . ' l  I Lems  Lo  be  measureda ,  F i sh  i n  genera l  (F ig .  1 )Total Iength measurement for types A and B.* Total lenqth (TL) : the greatest dimenslon betweenthe most anLeriorly projectingpart of the hesd and the fer-thest t ip of the caudal f in.Fork lenghh measurement for type C.* Fork lenqth (FL) : the disLance from the most ante-riorly projecting part of thehead to the forked poinL of thecaudal f in.BcFiq, 1 lotal Jength me€sureflenta for.type6 A and B,and fork lehgth for lype C.?)oAb. Tuna and tuna-like sp€c ioB  (F ig .2 )! the greateat dimension betreenthe mo6L snteriorly projoctingpart of the ttoad and the far-th68t lip of th€ caud€l fin.! Lh6 distoncs fro|l the nost ente-rlorly proJectlng part of thohBad to the forked point of th6c€udaI f in,* Tot6l lenqth (TL )* Fork Ienqth (FL)* Stgnderd lenqth (SL): the di8tsnce frs th€ no6t ant6-riorly proJecti.E part of theh€ad to the eJ|d of the vert€br.lcol('[r.* Heed lenqth (HL ) th€ distsnce frd|l th€ noat 6nt6-riorly Floj€cting part of thEhesd to the moat pogte.ior p€r[of the ooercle.Upper j6lr-lstdolsal lenqth (t DL)* oody depth (BD)the disLance frol the no6t ente-llor p6rt of the upper jor tothe ant€rior b€se of tho Istdorssl f ln,th€ gre€teot din€naion, lxclu-siv6 of the fleahy ot ac€lysLructu.ea rhich Dertain to thsf in baa66.TLFL5L$ovFig. 2 Measurements for Luna ahd tuna-l ike specie€,-  18  -c. l . larl in and seil f ish (Fiq. l)* Total ]enqth ( TL) the greateat dimen€ion betweenthe mosb anteriorly projectingpert of the rostf(,|t and theferthe€t t ip of the caudal f in.the distance frqn the mo6t ante-riorly projecting pert of therosttum lo the forked point ofthe c€ud€] f in.* Fork lenqth (FL)* St€ndard lenqth (51): the distence from Lhe nost ente-riorly projecting part of therostrum Lo the end of lheveftebral colunn.* Body length (BL )r Eye-fork lenqth(EFL)* Head Ienqth (HL )* Bodv depth (BD)the disLance from tho nost ante-riorly projecting pert of themondible to the forked point ofthe coudal f in,the distance from the posteriofedge oF the eye to the forkedpoint of the ceudal f in.the distance from the nost ente-riorly proJecting psrt of themendible to the moat posteliorpart of the opercle.the greatest dimenaion, exclu-sive of the f leshy or scelyetluctures erhich peltaih to thefin bases.l,lTFLSLEFLBLFiq. I l ' leesuremenls for neaLin end sail f ish.Bi_t . t .2 Items to be measufed if poa8ibles, Fish ir |  gene.el (Fig. 4)* f9!4-19!9!! (TL) !* I9I!-19!9!! (FL) !* !!s!gslg-19!q!I (st) |* !9gd_19!g!I (HL) ir Body depth (BD) !the greetest dimension betvr€anth6 most enteriorly proj€ctlngp€rL of the he6d and the far-thest t ip of the caudal f in.the di8tance fron th€ noet snts-riorly p.ojecting pe.t of thBhesd to the forked point of thsc8udal f in.the di8tance fron the noet Ent6-rlorly projecting part of thshood to the end of the vBrtsbralcolumn.the distancB fron th€ noet 6nta-rlorly proJecting p€rt of th!he€d to the most posterlo! partof lhe opercle.the greate8t dinensidrr exclu-6lvo of the fleshy or scalyst.uctures xhich pert8ln to thsfin baaes.-21  -FTLSLFiq. 4 l '4eesurements fof  f ish in genetal .!,o'7 -')-22  -b ,  Sha rk  (F i g .5 )*  Tobe l  l enq th  (TL )* Head lenqth (HL)the greatest dinension from themost 6nteriorly proiecting Portof the head to Lhe mosL Posle-rior port of the uPper lobe ofthe caudal f in.I Lhe dist€nce faom the most snte-riorly pDoiectinq Part of thehead to the lest giII  oPeninq.Fig. 5 t leasurements for shark.c ,  Rey  (F ig .  6 )* Dtsk lonqth (DL )* Disk r{idth (Dtl)* r3il-19!9!h (rAL)Fiq. 6 Measurements for ray.the di.sLance from the noat en!B-riorl.y projecting part of thedi8k to the posterior psrt ofthe disk.: the dinension of the ,idest p6rtof the di6k.: the distsnce frd|t the nld pointof the anus to lhe end of thet6 i l .I lif;!-24 -d.  c rab  (F iq .  7 )* CarsDece lonqth (CL)r the distsnce frol the nost 6nt€-riorly proJectinq poft to themo6t poBterio. part of thecaraPace.* Carapsce ridth (Cl) r the dirEngion of the {idest pertof the carapace.Fig. 7 llessurementa for c.ab,-25 -e. Sh.inp (Fig. 8)* Cardp€ce lenqth (CL) !* cj!gp9!9_.!E&! (cw) !Fj.g, I l',leasurenents for shrlmp,distanco frqn the besg ofeye to the posterior psrt ofcephelotho!ax,the dimension of the wj.dest pertof Lhe cephalothor€x f.ql theuppe! vien,theLhethef .  Squid (Fig. 9)* l,l€ntle lemtb (l|L) ! ths diatance frqi the antarloredge to the posterior sdgs ofthe dorsol n€ntle.Fig. 9 l'l6asu!6rent for 8quid.5.r.,  Detei led neasurenentglileJor references used for thls fiEnuel ere cited beloi. Inaddltion these refe.encea deacribe detsiled neagureneots o!terninology, of e€ch speciea group, if required.Thg specles group ndre ln br.cket6 [bold lettore] shor8 th8dvail€bllity of detail€d nBeaulen€nt dBscrlption and/or t8rninologyfor the apecieg group in the refe[ence.tu,AMAO(A,  K . ,  K .  Me tsuu ra ,  T .  I nada ,  M .  Takeda ,  H .  Ha tanaka  and  K ,  okada(eds , ) .  1990 .  F i shes  co l l ec ted  bv  the  R /V  sh inks i  f , l s ruaround New Zealand. JAI' IARC (Japan Marine Fishery ReoourceRese6.ch Cente.), Tokyo, 4'10 pp. ( ln Japanese and Ehglish).lfish in qeneral, shark, .ay, crab, shrirp and squid]BIGELoW, H.!t.  and vl.C. Schroeder.A l  l an t  i c .  Sha rks .  Mem.  Searslshsrkl1948. Fishes oF western NorthFound .  Ma r .  Res . ,  Vo l .  l ,  No . ' 1 ,C0MPAGNo,  L , J .V .  1984 .  FAo  spec ies  ca ta logue .  Vo l .4  Sharks  o f  t he .wor ld .  FAo ,  F IR /5125 ,  Vo l .  4 ,  Pa r t  1 , ,249  pp .I shark]GL0IRFELT-TARP, T. and P.J. Kailola. 1981. Trawled f ishes of southernIndonesia and northwestern Austral ia. Published by ADAB, DGFand  GTZ. ,  Na t i ona l  L ib ra ry  o f  Aus t ra l i a ,  405  pp .[fish in generat]ISHIYA[4A, R, 1958. Studres on the r6j id f ishes (Rajidae) found in thewa te .s  s round  Japan .  J .  Sh imonosek i  Co l l .  F i6h . ,  Vo I .  7 ,  No .2/ t .lraylKYUSHIN,  K . ,  K .  Anaoka ,1982. Fishes of( In Japanese and[fiah in qener€IK .  Nakaya ,  H .  I da ,the South China Sea.Eng l  i sh )  .and sharklY. Tanino and T. Sents.JAMARC, Tokyo, ,r,  pp.LAGLER,  K .F . ,  J .E .  Ba rdach  and  R .R .  l ' 4 i 1 le r .  1952 .  I ch thyo logy .  Johnl{ i ley Bnd Sons, Inc., New Yolk and London, 545 pp.[fish in general ar|d shark]M0T0H, l l .  and (. Kuronuma. 1980. Field guide fof the edible C.ustaceaoF  the  Ph i l i pp ines .  SEAFDEC, /AQD,  I l o i l o ,  Ph i l i pp ines ,96  pp .fcreb a.d shrimp]- 24  -NAKAT'1URA, 1. 1985. FAo species catalogue. VoI. 5 Biufishes of thef{orld. FAo, FIR/5125, Vol. 5, 65 pp.[narlin and sailfish]oKUTANI, T., I '1. Tagawa and H, Horikavra. 1987. Cephalopods frqn con-Linental shelf and slope aaound J6pan, Japan FisheriesResource Conservation AssociaLion, Tokyo, 194 pp. (InJapanese and English),lsquidlR0PER,  C .F .E . ,  M .J .  Sweeney  and  C .E ,  Nauen .  1984 .  FAo  spec ies  caL l l -logue. Vo]. f  Cephalopods of the world, FAO, FIR/5125, Vol,t ,  277  pp .lsquidlSAKURAI, l .  and M, Miyske. 1987. Manusl for eollecting st6tist ics sndssrnplinq on tuna and tuna-I ike species in the lndidh 0cean 6ndSoutheaet Asian Region. IPTP Manual No. 2, 157 pp.[tuna and tune-like €pecies; narlin ond ssilfish]

Survey Manual for Oceanography and the Environment, Fishing Operations and Fishery Biology on Shipboard Training

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Survey Manual for Oceanography and the Environment, Fishing Operations and Fishery Biology on Shipboard Training

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