Background: Guduchi is a plant belonging to Menispermaceae family and widely used in Ayurvedic system of medicine. Tinospora cordifolia is the accepted botanical source of Guduchi. All the three species are indigenous to the tropical areas of India, Sri Lanka and Myanmar. Guduchi Satwa is the most commonly used dosage form of the plant for various conditions like fever, arthritis, gastric ulcer cough etc. Tinospora cordifolia (Guduchi) is a widely used shrub in folk and Ayurvedic systems of medicine. Species of the plant, stem size, collection time, season and maturity of the plant may affect the yield and physico-chemical profile of Guduchi Satwa. Due to high demand and less yield of Satwa from Guduchi plant, market sample of Guduchi Satwa is subjected to adulteration. Hence this study is aimed at standardizing Guduchi Satwa prepared from all the three available species of the plant.
Methodology: The study deals with preparation of Satwa as per the classical text of Ayurveda, identifying organoleptic features, conducting physicochemical and photochemical screening of the Satwa of all the above mentioned species of Guduchi (Tinospora cordifolia (wilid.) Meirs ex hook. f &amp; thoms., Tinospora malabarica meirs ex hook, Tinospora crispa meirs.).
Results: The study provided significant difference in the yield of Satwa. Variations in the organoleptic characters were insignificant. All the phytoconstituents were found to be same and the physicochemical values were within the limits in all three species

Akshatha M Bhat

Anjali Asok

Anjana J*

Seema Pradeep

Shiva Manjunatha M.P

English

Ayushdhara (E-Journal)

AYUSHDHARA             ISSN: 2393-9583 (P)/ 2393-9591 (O)  An International Journal of Research in AYUSH and Allied Systems AYUSHDHARA | May - June 2018 | Vol 5 | Issue 3  1682          A COMPARITIVE EVALUATION OF SPECIES OF GUDUCHI (TINOSPORA CORDIFOLIA (WILID.) MEIRS EX HOOK. F & THOMS., TINOSPORA MALABARICA MEIRS EX HOOK, TINOSPORA CRISPA MEIRS.) W.R.T SATWA Anjana J1*, Seema Pradeep2, Shiva Manjunatha M.P3, Anjali Asok4, Akshatha M Bhat4 *1Post Graduate Scholar, 2Professor and HOD, 3Botanist, 4Post Graduate Scholars, Department of Dravyaguna, Sri Sri College of Ayurvedic Science and Research, Bangalore, India.  KEYWORDS: Guduchi (Tinospora cordifolia (wilid.) Meirs ex hook. f & thoms., Tinospora malabarica meirs ex hook, Tinospora crispa meirs.) Satwa, Phytoconstituents, Organoleptic characters.                ABSTRACT Background: Guduchi is a plant belonging to Menispermaceae family and widely used in Ayurvedic system of medicine. Tinospora cordifolia is the accepted botanical source of Guduchi. All the three species are indigenous to the tropical areas of India, Sri Lanka and Myanmar. Guduchi Satwa is the most commonly used dosage form of the plant for various conditions like fever, arthritis, gastric ulcer cough etc. Tinospora cordifolia (Guduchi) is a widely used shrub in folk and Ayurvedic systems of medicine. Species of the plant, stem size, collection time, season and maturity of the plant may affect the yield and physico-chemical profile of Guduchi Satwa. Due to high demand and less yield of Satwa from Guduchi plant, market sample of Guduchi Satwa is subjected to adulteration. Hence this study is aimed at standardizing Guduchi Satwa prepared from all the three available species of the plant. Methodology: The study deals with preparation of Satwa as per the classical text of Ayurveda, identifying organoleptic features, conducting physicochemical and photochemical screening of the Satwa of all the above mentioned species of Guduchi (Tinospora cordifolia (wilid.) Meirs ex hook. f & thoms., Tinospora malabarica meirs ex hook, Tinospora crispa meirs.). Results: The study provided significant difference in the yield of Satwa. Variations in the organoleptic characters were insignificant. All the phytoconstituents were found to be same and the physicochemical values were within the limits in all three species.   INTRODUCTION India is a country with recorded and well-practiced herbal and traditional medicine. Among the vast library of important medicinal plants, Guduchi is immensely valuable in terms of therapeutics and global trade. In mythological understanding Guduchi is referred as heavenly elixir having saved celestial beings from old age and kept them eternally young.[1] Bhavprakasha, well known and popular lexicon writer has dedicated a chapter on Guduchi called Guduchyadi varga. It is valued for its huge therapeutic potential since thousands of years and also in the modern scientific society it is appreciated for its immense therapeutic potential. Samhita kala references begin with Charaka Samhita: There are several synonyms mentioned under Guduchi and it is included under seven different Dashemani. Guduchi is said to possess best Sangrahika and Vibandhaprahamana properties. While in Sushruta Samhita description of Guduchi is found available at 41 places and is included in 9 Ganas or groups, based on its diverse therapeutic uses. Apart from that it is also placed in smaller group like Vallipanchamulla. Ashtanga samgraha: Guduchi is mentioned alone or in combination with other remedial agents in the treatment of Jwara, Prameha etc.   Research Article *Address for correspondence Dr J Anjana  Post Graduate Scholar Department of Dravyaguna, Sri Sri College of Ayurvedic Science and Research, Bangalore. India.  Email: anjana.j141@gmail.com  Anjana J et al. Comparative Evaluation of Species of Guduchi w.r.t Satwa AYUSHDHARA | May - June 2018 | Vol 5 | Issue 3  1683 Nighantu kala description begins as following: Dhanvantari Nighantu: Guduchi was mentioned first in one out of seven Vargas. Two varieties- Guduchi and Kanda Guduchi are described. Kaiyadeva Nighantu: Guduchi is mentioned in Aushada varga. Varieties are mentioned as Guduchi as Guduchi and Pinda guduchi.  Bhavprakasha Nighantu: Guduchi has been mentioned under Guduchyadi varga with its mythological origin with Rasayana, Deepana, and Balya properties.  Raj Nighantu: Description of two types of Guduchi and Kanda Guduchi with therapeutic utilities has been given.  Shaligrama Nighantu: Guduchi has been described in Guduchyadi gana.  Adhunika Kala: Dravyaguna vijnana describes The Latin name, vernacular names, synonyms, botanical description along with properties and action on different system are described with its therapeutic dose and formulation. In Indian medicinal plant: Its botanical description along with different species and medicinal uses are illustrated. Tinospora cordifolia is the accepted botanical source for Guduchi. Tinospora malabarica and Tinospora crispa are used as substitutes and sometimes as adulterants also.[2] Distribution of the above three species varies across the country.[3] There are several Kalpanas (dosage forms) in Ayurvedic classics mentioned which are widely popular in the clinical practice, one among them is Satwa. It is considered as a derivative of Hima kalpana.[4] Satwa means the essence or active part. The Satwa of a plant drug is the essence and here it refers to starchy substance extracted using water as a solvent. In plants where in is having medicinal value from such plants it is special technique known as Satwa kalpana. As Satwa is tasteless, effective in minimal dosage which can be used as adjuvant has gained momentum in today’s Ayurveda practice.[5,6] It is used in Ayurvedic treatment of burning sensation in feet, menorrhagia, nasal bleeding, bleeding per rectum, emaciation etc. It is known to boost immunity also.   MATERIALS AND METHOD Botanical name: Tinospora cordifolia (wilid.) meirs ex hook. f & thoms., Tinospora malabarica meirs ex hook, Tinospora crispa meirs. Family: Menispermaceae Collection and Identification of the Plant Material Three varieties of stems of Guduchi were procured from herbal garden of Sri Sri College of Ayurvedic Science and Research, Bengaluru-82. The genuinity of the plants (stem part) was confirmed by Botanist, Department of Dravyaguna, Sri Sri College of Ayurvedic Science and Research. The voucher specimen DGMPS002 was preserved in the Department of Dravyaguna. Preparation of Satwa[1,5] The stems of thumb size mature Guduchi weighing 5kg was procured. Further the stems were well rinsed with water to remove dust and foreign particles adhered to drug removing the cover of Guduchi stem so as to avoid interference during preparation of Satwa. Stem of Guduchi was then cut into small pieces and was pounded in pestle and motor till fibres of stem get separated and the material becomes sticky. These fibres were placed in a vessel and 4 times water was added. It was then well macerated with hands and kept overnight for soaking. Next day the mixture was again macerated until the stickiness disappeared. Then fibres were removed and the remaining material was strained through clean cloth. The strained material was collected in a flat bottom stainless steel container and allowed for the sedimentation. After settling of the fine particles present in the mixture, the upper liquid portion was decanted carefully. After decantation the sediments obtained was again mixed with little quantity of water and allowed for sedimentation and liquid was removed by decantation process. By repeated washing and decantation, clear white Satwa was obtained. Sediment settled at the bottom was collected into a tray, air-dried and stored in sterile container. This procedure was repeated for all the three species of Guduchi.  Pharmacognostic Evaluation of Plants [7,8]  Macroscopic Evaluation The macroscopic characters of the drug Guduchi Satwa were observed for colour, taste, texture and odour. Physicochemical Evaluation Total ash value, acid insoluble ash, alcohol soluble extractive, water soluble extractive and loss on drying were determined.  Phytochemical Evaluation Alkaloids, Flavanoids, Saponnins, Glycosides, Triterpenoids, Tannins, Phenolic compounds, Proteions, Carbohydrate, Steroids and Starch tests were carried out. AYUSHDHARA, 2018;5(3):1682-1687 AYUSHDHARA | May - June 2018 | Vol 5 | Issue 3  1684 Thin Layer Chromatography Chromatographic condition for determination  Sample: 2gms of Satwa was dissolved in distilled water  Stationary phase: Silica gel 60F 254  Mobile phase: Methanol (9): chloroform (1)  Detection of wavelength: 366nm and 254nm Rf values were calculated  Rf = Distance travelled by the spot  Distance travelled by the solvent front  RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Table 1: Showing Satwa obtained from three different species Sl.no Sample  Quantity of drug Quantity of Satwa 1 T.cordifolia 5kgs 12gms 2 T.malabarica 5kgs 45gms 3 T.crispa 5kgs 39gms Table 2: Showing organoleptic features of Guduchi Satwa Sl.no Characteristic feature T. cordifolia T. malabarica T. crispa 1 Sparsha (touch/texture) Fine Smooth powder Fine Smooth powder Fine Smooth powder 2 Roopa (Shape) Coarse Amorphous Amorphous 3 Varna (Colour) Ash grey White Milky White 4 Rasa (Taste) Tasteless Tasteless Tasteless 5 Gandha (odour) Odourless Odourless Odourless Physicochemical Study Table 3: Showing physicochemical parameters of Guduchi Satwa S.No Name of the Test Result S Standards   T. cordifolia T.malabarica T.crispa  1 Total ash 2.3% 0.67% 0.27% NMT 5% 2 Acid insoluble ash 0.86% 0.13% 0.03% NMT 1% 3 Alcohol soluble extractive 0.8% 1.8% 2.5% NMT 2% 4 Water soluble extractive 2.9% 2% 3.1% NMT 3% 5 Loss on drying 4.1% 17.87% 16.44%  - Phytochemical Study  Table 4: Showing Phytochemical Analysis of Guduchi Satwa Constituents Tests T.cordifolia T.malabarica T.crispa Alkaloids Dragendroff’s + + + Wagner’s + + + Flavonoids Ferric chloride - - - Saponnins Foam test - - - Froth test - - - Glycosides  Molisch’s test + + + Triterpenoids Salkwoski test - - - Tannis & Phenolic compounds Gelatin test - - - Protiens Biuret test - - - Carbohydrates Molisch’s test + + + Steroids  Salkwoski test + + + Starch Iodine test + + + Heavy metal analysis Table 5: Showing heavy metal analysis of Guduchi Satwa Metal T.cordifolia T.malabarica T.crispa Limit (NMT) Lead < 1PPM <1PPM <1PPM 10 PPM Cadmium <0.1PPM <0.2PPM <0.1PPM 0.3PPM Arsenic <1PPM <1PPM <1PPM 3 PPM Anjana J et al. Comparative Evaluation of Species of Guduchi w.r.t Satwa AYUSHDHARA | May - June 2018 | Vol 5 | Issue 3  1685 Observation on TLC Study Table 6: Showing Rf values of three species of Guduchi Satwa T.cordifolia T.malabarica  T.crispa  Under 366 nm and 254 nm  Rf values -0.44,0.52,0.6,0.72 Under 366 nm and 254 nm  Rf values 0.22, 0.37, 0.44,0.51 Under 366 nm and 254 nm Rf values-0.47,0.64, 0.71,0.89  DISCUSSION Though all the species of Guduchi were collected in the same season, maximum yield of Satwa was obtained from Tinospora malabarica and Tinospora crispa as compared to Tinospora cordifolia as shown in table no.1. Table no2 shows, difference in the colour of the Satwa as ash grey in T.cordifolia, white in T.malabarica, milky white in T.crispa. Though Guduchi Satwa is stated as bitter in taste by recent experts, this study revealed, Satwa of all the three species was found to be tasteless. The physico-chemical analysis of all three species test values were found in accordance with the standard as mentioned in Ayurvedic formulary. LOD is found in between 4.1% to 17.8%, suggesting the hygroscopic nature of the drug. Phytochemical studies revealed, presence of Alkaloids, Glycosides, Carbohydrates and Starch in all the three species. Alkaloids and Glycosides are well known inhibitory COX Pathway thereby having an Antipyretic and Anti-inflammatory activity which is attributed to all the three species of Guduchi. Heavy metal contamination was found within the standard limits for all the three species, which is due to non-contamination at the source of collection and proper method of preparation. CONCLUSION Guduchi Satwa was prepared according to the classical method mentioned by Bhavaprakasha. Organoleptic features were thoroughly examined. Physicochemical studies helped to ensure the purity and strength of the Satwa obtained from the plant. The presence of phytoconstituents was confirmed by the phytochemical analysis. From this study it can be concluded that physicochemical and phytochemical studies has revealed that three species has similar report. Tinospora malabarica and Tinospora crispa give yield which may help to minimize the adulteration in the market. The obtained data can be used as reference for further studies. REFERENCES 1. Bhavamishra. Bhavaprakasha Nighantu-Hindi Commentary by K.C Chunekar. Varanasi published by Chaukhumba bharati Academy pp: 47-49. 2. Database on Medicinal plants Used in Ayurveda Vol 3, Central Council for Research in Ayurveda and Siddha, New Delhi, Department of ISM, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India. pg.256-260. 3. Kirtikar and Basu. Indian Medicinal Plants with illustration, second edition, Volume I Orientalia enterprises 2001 pp:104-112. 4. Dr.Shobha G Hiremath. A Textbook of Bhaishajya Kalpana (Indian Pharmaceutics). IBH Prakashanan. 1st Edition 2000. pp: 219-222. 5. Rohit Sharma, Hetal Amin, and P.K Prajapati. Validation of standard manufacturing procedure of Guduchi sattva (aqueous extract of Tinospora cordifolia (wild.) Meirs) and its tablets. Ancient science of life.2013: Jul-Sep 33(1): pp: 27-34.  6. Sharma R, Amin H, Prajapati PK. Seasonal variations in physicochemical profiles of Guduchi satva (starchy substance from Tinospora cordifolia [Wild.]Miers). J Ayurveda Integr Med 2013 Oct;4 (4):193-7 7. Ayurvedic Formulary of India, Government of India, Ministry Of health & family welfare, Department of Indian System of Medicine and Homoeopathy 2003, Part I. (14:1) 2nd Revised English edition, pg:205 8. Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India: Government of India, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Department of Indian System of Medicine and Homoeopathy. Part I, Volume I, Published by The controller of Publications Civil lines, Delhi pg. 41-42.        Disclaimer: AYUSHDHARA is solely owned by Mahadev Publications - A non-profit publications, dedicated to publish quality research, while every effort has been taken to verify the accuracy of the content published in our Journal. AYUSHDHARA cannot accept any responsibility or liability for the articles content which are published. The views expressed in articles by our contributing authors are not necessarily those of AYUSHDHARA editor or editorial board members. Cite this article as:  Anjana J, Seema Pradeep, Shiva Manjunatha M.P, Anjali Asok, Akshatha M Bhat. A Comparitive Evaluation of Species of Guduchi (Tinospora Cordifolia (Wilid.) Meirs Ex Hook. F & Thoms., Tinospora Malabarica Meirs Ex Hook, Tinospora Crispa Meirs.) w.r.t Satwa. AYUSHDHARA, 2018;5(3):1682-1687. Source of support: Nil, Conflict of interest: None Declared  AYUSHDHARA, 2018;5(3):1682-1687 AYUSHDHARA | May - June 2018 | Vol 5 | Issue 3  1686 Plate 1: Guduchi  Tinospora cordifolia     Tinospora malabarica   Tinospora crispa  Plate 1: Preparation of Guduchi Satwa  Guduchi stems cut and peeled    Anjana J et al. Comparative Evaluation of Species of Guduchi w.r.t Satwa AYUSHDHARA | May - June 2018 | Vol 5 | Issue 3  1687  Stems soaked overnight   Decantation Plate No.2: Colour of Satwa  Plate No.3: TLC Profile   

A COMPARITIVE EVALUATION OF SPECIES OF GUDUCHI (TINOSPORA CORDIFOLIA (WILID.) MEIRS EX HOOK. F & THOMS., TINOSPORA MALABARICA MEIRS EX HOOK, TINOSPORA CRISPA MEIRS.) W.R.T SATWA

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A COMPARITIVE EVALUATION OF SPECIES OF GUDUCHI (TINOSPORA CORDIFOLIA (WILID.) MEIRS EX HOOK. F & THOMS., TINOSPORA MALABARICA MEIRS EX HOOK, TINOSPORA CRISPA MEIRS.) W.R.T SATWA

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