The susceptibility of two commonly occurring species of Ixodid ticks viz., the cattle tick, Hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum Koch and the brown dog tick, Rhipicephalus sanguineus Latr to certain newer insecticdes was investigated under controlled environmental conditions. The repellency of diethyl toluamide (Deet) to the two species of ticks was also investigated by a specially devised laboratory technique. It was found that based on LC/sub 50/ values, the two species were most susceptible to pyrethrins followed by carbaryl whereas malathion was found least toxic to the ticks

Kapoor, D.

Paul, C. F.

Perti, S. L.

English

Defence Science Journal

, EVALUATION 03' CERTAIN 'INSECTICIDES AND REPELLENTS AGAINST TICK8 k ;+5 i 1 Defence Research Laboratory (Materials), Kanpur 1 'r (Beceived 21 December 1970 ; revised 17 SepJember 19711 The susceptibility of two commonly occurring species of Imdid ticks viz., the cattle tick, Hynlomma anatolicum anato- licum Koch. and the brown dog tick, Rhipicephalus sanguineus Latr. to Oertainnewer insecticides was investig&ted under contrdled environmental conditions. The repellency of diethyl toluamide (Deet) to the two spehes 'of tiqks wds also investigated by a specially devised laboratory technique. I t  was found that based on LCy values, the two species were most susceptible to pyrethrins followed by carbaryl whereqmalathion was found least toxlc to t& ticks. Ticks are of considerable veterinary and medical importance since besidee being annoying pests they transmit a wide variety of bacillary, rickettaial, viral and protozoal diseases. The life-history an& deve lopment of different life-stages of the common cattle tick, H. a. amt-iliczsm Koch. and the browndog - tick, R. snnguineus Latr. have recently been studiedl.2. Siace adequate information on the suscefiti- bility of j5$ks,td~vqrious insecticides, acaricides and repolleiits was lacking to devise, suitable control measures a iysternatic ~ t u d y  was undertaken in the laborptory under controlled environmental conditions. It is the object.of this paper to present results on the susceptibility of two commonly occurring species of ticks viz., H. a. anatoZ4cum and R. sa'~yuinezcs to various newer insecticides and recently developed Deet cream formulation. M A T E R I A L S  A N D  M E T H O D S  The insecticides used in these investigations were IlDT (p'p'-isomer) and technical grades of lindane dieldrin, isobenzan, malathion, fenitrothion, dichlorvos, fenthion, carbaryl and pyrethrins. The repellent wed was 25% Deet cream formulation developed in the laboratory. The two species of Zxodid ticke vie., the common cattle tick, H. a. an,atolicumKoch. and the brown dog tick, R. sccizguineus Latl-., drawn from laboratory cultures3 were used as test subjects. The ticks used in the various experiments were 15-20 days old adult  female^. Experimental procedure The susceptibility of ticks to insecticides was assessed based on World Health Organisation test method4 for determining the sneceptibility or resistance of ticks to insecticides. The assessment cons's- ted in applying microquantities (0.38 microlitre) of the insecticide & a solution in ethyl methyl ketone - topically on the dorsal surface of individual ticks by means of a glass microcapillary. After the topical application of the insecticides, the ticks were kept in plastic holding tubes with the open ends covered with , fine nylon cloth held fast by rubber bands. The observations on the mortality of ticks were recorded 48 hours thereafjer. There were 20 bioks in each assay. Evaluation of repellency The repellency of cream formulation to ticks was evaluated by applying a known quantity of the: ' material on pre-determined surface area of the shaved back of a rabbit. TWO card board pill boxes-(3.6 cm dia. x 2.5  om. height) were attached3 on the cleaned surface ;,one on the surface treated with cream b' andvthe other on the control surface treated with the cream without % Dee$: The cream was aipplied a t  ' 5 - ,. the rate of 0.1 and 0.15 gm per 5.41 sq. cm. surface area. The observationB on rep$le"iyperg recorded at hourly'intervals till cent per cent tick8 were attached on the-control surfaoebof thk host. "I: 'T.''-b ' +- . ., The assessmentv were carried out in a room maintained a t  27f 1' C gnd ,76&5~pey,cent R.llH. INSECTICIDE Fig. ISusceptibility of H.a. anatolicum to insecticides . Fig. 2-Relative LC,, values. PER CENT CONCENTRATION Pig. 3-Relative LC, values. Fig. 4--Susceptibility of R. sangaineua to insecticides. ~ < A P O O R  et a1 : Insecticides and Repellents Against Tick8 Fig. 5-Relative LC,, values. Fig. 6-Relative LC,, vlaues. Insecticide Relative susceptibility* compared to LC,, rb---L--- 4 (%) (%) DDT Lindane Pyrethrins 0.011 0.036 3.63 2.72 Lindane 0.030 0.094 1.33 1.00 DDT 0.040 0.145 1 .OO 0.75 Fenthion 0.044 0.145 0.91 0.68 Dichlorvos 0.046 0.110 0.87 0.64 Dieldrin 0.047 0.220 0.85 0.63 Fenitrothion 0.070 0.350 0.57 0.42 R E S U L T S  A N D  D I S C U S S I O N  The relat,ionship between dosage and mortality in the range of concentrations of insecticides inves- tigated wa8 estimated by plotting the results on logarithmic-probability paper, fitting the regression line by eye and reading the LC,, or LC,, from the graph. The LC,, or LC,, values represent respectively the insecticide concentration at which 50 or 90 per cent of the ticks are killed. The relative susceptibility of tick8 to  insecticide^ was determined on the basis of LC,. The repellency of the Deet cream formula- tion was evaluated till cent per cent ticks attached themselves on the control surface of the host. The results obtained in the various experiments are summarised in Tables 1 to 4 and Fig. 1 to 6. It wil be noted asp: &a. J:, VOL. 22, JULY 1972 TABLE 2 , SU~OEPTIB~ITY off R, sanguineus TO W S E ~ C I D E S  ' * ,  \ Relative susceptibility* compared to Insecticide - '%f& LC --A- (%) ( 0/6Kii DDT . ~in&e ' ' --- -- Pyl&hins 0.008 0.016 12.50 &-I ":+ iC ~ C b r ~ r y l  ,. 0.024 0.054 4.17 1-89 , 's 7, )&&on 0.030 0.160 ' 3.33 . 1-56 i&e . -  .*  , I '  0.047 0.110 2.12 1.00 I j& t~snp~ l ,  I Q.05Q. , 0.110 2.00 ,0.94 > .  . 3 I 'q???! - '4 0.100 " 0.4& ' 1.00 0.47 , 2 I i 0.100 0.370 1.00 0.47 Fenitrothion 0.200 0.560 0 -50 -, 0.23 ' i h  PieI+ii 0.255 1.350 0.39 0.14 'Malathion 2.600 6.400 0.03 0.01 f *Bawd on LC,,. * " 8 s  I .  TAB:E 8 REPELLENCY OF H. a. anatolicwm TO DEET CREAM Tre[aW- Control (Treatment with Deet cream formulation) (Treatment with cream without Deet) ~ u a n i i t y  'of aream Replicate ,------2;- - -7 A---- 7 applied No. First (initial) Final (total) at€aohment** hr8t  (maial) Final (total) atteohment** attachment* attachment* ----- ....-------- ----- Dura- % Dura- % % Dura- % Dura- % I tion Atta- tion Atta- Morta- tion Atta- tion A h .  .' &Q*- (hr) chef (hr) 'ched lity (hr) ched - (hr) ohed tiby - A- 1 23.0 , 2 0  - 20 80 7.0 50 31.0 90 1 \ 2 5.0 20 - 10 90 4.0 - 30 31.0 80 3 6.0 20 22.0 30 70 2.0 30 22.0 80 0.15 gml5.41 oma. 4 22.0 20 - 20 80 3.5 30 46.0 100 5 4.5 40 - 30 70 4.5 40 24.5 100 ' 0  ' 6 4.0 30 6.0 30 70 4.0 60 28.0 90 la.. - 7 4.5 10 - 20 so 4.5 10 30.0 80 i0 8 23.0 10 56.0 40 60 23.0 50 55.0 100 0 9 26.0 10 - 10 90 23.0 50 48.0 80' 20 < 10 24.0 - 10 57.5 20 80 21-5 40 57.5 100 ,------- . . , ----- - -- , . 0 ----C_-- 0.1 p / 6 . 4 1  cma. 1 3.0 30 - 30 70 3.0 . 90 20.0 109 0.  . ' 2  5.5 20 - 70 2.5 30 46.0 100 0 6 30 I '  I *  * . . . .  1 5 *There Gas nb'&rtalitF of ticks during the first attachment on the host. v ,,:8, I .  t **frpB 0&rv$6iO~S were reaarded till cent per cent ticks were attaohed on the control surface of the host, , t <  a 4: 1 188 &POOR et a1 t Insecticides and Repellapt$ Against Ticks - Tre~ted Control (Treatnicat with Deet cream formulation) (Treatment with cream yithout Deet) r-c--h--- -, ,--A- - Quantity of cream Replicate First (initial) Final (total) ~ttachment*" First (initial) Final (total) attachment** applied No. attachment* attachment* --;. Dura- % Dura- % %' Dnra- % Dura- % % tion Attg- tion 'Atta- Morta- tion Atta- tion Atta- Morta- (hr) ched (hr) ched lity (hr) ched (hr) chqd lity *There was no mortality of ticks during the first attachment on the host. **The observations were recorded till cent per cent ticks were attached on the control surface of the host. from the data in Table 1 and Fig. 1 and 2 that based on LCso valaes, H. a. anatolicum was most snsce- ptible to pyrethrins followed by carbaryl, Iindane, DDT, fenthioa, diohlorvos, dieldrin, fenitrothion, isobenzan and malathion. The other species, R. sanguineus was found most susceptible to pyrethrins (Table 2 and 4)followed by carbaryl, fenthion, lindane, dichlorvos, DDT, isobeman, fenitrothion, dieldrin and malathion. The toxicity data based on LC, values (Table 1 and Pig. 3) have shown that H. a. anatolicum was mo$t to pyrethrins followd by carbaryl, lindane, diclllorvos, DDT, fenthion, dieldrin, fenitro- thion, isobenzan and malathion, ~he~erm~,  R. sa.nguineus (Table 2 and Pig. 6) was most su~wpt ib l~  to pyre- thrins followed by carbaryl, lindane, dichlorvos, fenthion, iaobenzan, DDT, fenitrothion, dieldrin and malathion. ~t will be observed from the resulte in Table 1 and 2 and Pig. 1 to  6 that both thebpecies ofticks, vie., H. a. ambliczcm and R. sanguineus are mostl susceptible to pyrethrins, H. a. anatolicum being more Pugcup- tible to the insecticide as compared to R. Sawwineus. The two species were f o n d  least eu=rjptible to malathion. ~t will be seen from the data in Table 3 and 4 that 25% Deet cream formulation was repellent to the two species of ticke investigated. It was observed that most of the experimental ticks on the surface of the host treated with Deet cream formulation died when the, final observatio~s were recorded, i.0. till cent per gent ticks were attached on the control surface, $89 Dm. Sa, J., VOL. ~~ , 'JuE,Y 1972 A C K N O W L E D G E M E N T S  Th? authors thank Dr. J. N. Nanda, Director for encouragement and interest in the work, to Dr. P. N. Agaxwal, Deputy Director for valuable suggestions and to Dr. Y. C. Wal for technical suggestions. R E F E R E N C E S  1. PAUL, C. F., MISRA, B. P. & PERTI, S. L., Labdev J. Sci. Tech., 6B (1968), 202. 2. PAUL, C. F., KAPOOR, D. & PBRTI, 8.-L., W k v  J. Sci. Tech., 8B (1970), 80. 3. PAUL, C. F. & MISRA, R. P,, Labdev J. Sci. Tech., 6B (1968), 57. 4. Anon, .'*Determining the susceptibility or resistance of adult tick6 to in&cticideeW, Wld. Elth. Org. Tech. Eeport Series, No. 443, (1970)s p. 125. 

Evaluation of Certain Insecticides and Repellents Against Ticks

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Evaluation of Certain Insecticides and Repellents Against Ticks

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