Expansion of the renewable fuels industries has increased availability of by-products that are well suited for use as cattle feed. Glycerin is among the principal by-products of biodiesel production, comprising approximately 10% (by weight) of the soybean oil that is used to manufacture soy-based diesel fuel. Our previous research evaluated effects of including between 0% and 16% glycerin in flaked-corn finishing diets and revealed that optimal growth performance was achieved with 2% glycerin addition. Our laboratory experiments have suggested that even lower levels of glycerin may be effective at stimulating digestion. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate effects of low levels of glycerin in the diet on performance and carcass characteristics of finishing cattle. Furthermore, because distillers grains and other by-products are increasingly common in feedlot rations, we opted to evaluate glycerin in corn-based finishing diets as well as in diets that consisted of a combination of corn grain, distillers grains, and soybean hulls

Drouillard, James S.

Miller, K.A.

Parsons, G.L.

Schneider, C.J.

Thompson, L.K.

English

Kansas State University

Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports Volume 0 Issue 1 Cattleman's Day (1993-2014) Article 1515 2010 Effects of feeding low levels of crude glycerin with or without other by-products on performance and carcass characteristics of feedlot heifers C.J. Schneider G.L. Parsons K.A. Miller See next page for additional authors This report is brought to you for free and open access by New Prairie Press. It has been accepted for inclusion in Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports by an authorized administrator of New Prairie Press. Copyright 2010 Kansas State University Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service. Contents of this publication may be freely reproduced for educational purposes. All other rights reserved. Brand names appearing in this publication are for product identification purposes only. No endorsement is intended, nor is criticism implied of similar products not mentioned. K-State Research and Extension is an equal opportunity provider and employer. Follow this and additional works at: https://newprairiepress.org/kaesrr  Part of the Other Animal Sciences Commons Recommended Citation Schneider, C.J.; Parsons, G.L.; Miller, K.A.; Thompson, L.K.; and Drouillard, James S. (2010) "Effects of feeding low levels of crude glycerin with or without other by-products on performance and carcass characteristics of feedlot heifers," Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports: Vol. 0: Iss. 1. https://doi.org/10.4148/2378-5977.2918 Effects of feeding low levels of crude glycerin with or without other by-products on performance and carcass characteristics of feedlot heifers Abstract Expansion of the renewable fuels industries has increased availability of by-products that are well suited for use as cattle feed. Glycerin is among the principal by-products of biodiesel production, comprising approximately 10% (by weight) of the soybean oil that is used to manufacture soy-based diesel fuel. Our previous research evaluated effects of including between 0% and 16% glycerin in flaked-corn finishing diets and revealed that optimal growth performance was achieved with 2% glycerin addition. Our laboratory experiments have suggested that even lower levels of glycerin may be effective at stimulating digestion. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate effects of low levels of glycerin in the diet on performance and carcass characteristics of finishing cattle. Furthermore, because distillers grains and other by-products are increasingly common in feedlot rations, we opted to evaluate glycerin in corn-based finishing diets as well as in diets that consisted of a combination of corn grain, distillers grains, and soybean hulls. Keywords Cattlemen's Day, 2010; Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station contribution; no. 10-170-S; Report of progress (Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service); 1029; Beef Cattle Research, 2010 is known as Cattlemen's Day, 2010; Beef; Crude glycerin; Performance; Carcass characteristics; Feedlot; Heifers Creative Commons License This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. Authors C.J. Schneider, G.L. Parsons, K.A. Miller, L.K. Thompson, and James S. Drouillard This research report is available in Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports: https://newprairiepress.org/kaesrr/vol0/iss1/1515 114NutritionEffects of Feeding Low Levels of Crude Glycerin With or Without Other By-Products on Performance and Carcass Characteristics of Feedlot Heifers1C.J. Schneider, G.L. Parsons, K.A. Miller, L.K. Thompson,  and J.S. DrouillardIntroductionExpansion	of	the	renewable	fuels	industries	has	increased	availability	of	by-products	that	are	well	suited	for	use	as	cattle	feed.	Glycerin	is	among	the	principal	by-products	of	biodiesel	production,	comprising	approximately	10%	(by	weight)	of	the	soybean	oil	that	is	used	to	manufacture	soy-based	diesel	fuel.	Our	previous	research	evaluated	effects	of	including	between	0%	and	16%	glycerin	in	flaked-corn	finishing	diets	and	revealed	that	optimal	growth	performance	was	achieved	with	2%	glycerin	addition.	Our	laboratory	experiments	have	suggested	that	even	lower	levels	of	glycerin	may	be	effective	at	stimulating	digestion.	Therefore,	the	objective	of	this	study	was	to	evaluate	effects	of	low	levels	of	glycerin	in	the	diet	on	performance	and	carcass	characteristics	of	finish-ing	cattle.	Furthermore,	because	distillers	grains	and	other	by-products	are	increasingly	common	in	feedlot	rations,	we	opted	to	evaluate	glycerin	in	corn-based	finishing	diets	as	well	as	in	diets	that	consisted	of	a	combination	of	corn	grain,	distillers	grains,	and	soybean	hulls.	Experimental ProceduresCrossbred	heifers	(n	=	295;	941	±	19.5	lb)	were	fed	grain-based	finishing	diets	contain-ing	0%,	0.5%,	or	2%	crude	glycerin	or	diets	containing	by-products	with	0%	or	2%	crude	glycerin.	In	by-product-based	finishing	diets,	25%	soybean	hulls	and	15%	wet	distillers	grains	replaced	corn	and	soybean	meal.	Diets	primarily	consisted	of	dry-rolled	corn	for	the	first	37	days	of	the	feeding	period	and	then	gradually	transitioned	to	diets	based	on	steam-flaked	corn.	All	diets	contained	3%	alfalfa	hay	and	6%	corn	silage	and	provided	300	mg	Rumensin	(Elanco	Animal	Health,	Greenfield,	IN),	90	mg	Tylan	(Elanco	Animal	Health),	and	0.5	mg	MGA	(Pfizer	Animal	Health,	New	York,	NY)	per	heifer	daily.	Heifers	also	were	fed	Zilmax	(Intervet/Schering-Plough	Animal	Health,	Millsboro,	DE)	at	7.56	g/ton	for	21	days	before	harvest.	Incoming	cattle	were	allowed	free	access	to	ground	alfalfa	hay	and	were	processed	within	24	hours	of	arrival.	During	processing,	heifers	were	identified	with	an	individual	ear	tag,	individually	weighed,	implanted	with	Revalor	200	(Intervet/Schering-Plough),	vaccinated	with	Bovi-Shield-IV	and	Fortress-7	(Pfizer	Animal	Health),	injected	with	Micotil	(Elanco	Animal	Health),	and	drenched	with	Safe-Guard	(Intervet/Schering-Plough)	for	internal	parasites.	Four	weeks	after	initial	processing,	cattle	were	revacci-nated	with	Bovi-Shield-IV.	Prior	to	initiation	of	finishing	treatments,	cattle	were	fed	a	series	of	step-up	rations	to	gradually	adapt	them	to	their	final	finishing	rations	(Table	1).1	Funding	provided	by	the	Kansas	Soybean	Commission	Checkoff.	115NutritionCattle	were	stratified	by	body	weight	and	randomly	assigned	(within	strata)	to	40	pens	containing	seven	to	eight	animals	per	pen;	there	were	eight	pens	per	treatment.	Pens	were	partially	covered	and	had	solid	concrete	surfaces	(392	ft2).	Feed	bunks	provided	no	less	than	12	linear	in.	of	bunk	space	per	animal,	and	fence	line	water	fountains	were	shared	between	two	adjacent	feedlot	pens.	Weight	of	each	pen	of	heifers	was	determined	at	the	beginning	of	the	experiment	and	immediately	prior	to	slaughter.	After	89	days	on	feed,	cattle	were	transported	to	a	commercial	abattoir	in	Holcomb,	KS,	and	harvested.	Carcass	weights	and	incidence	of	liver	abscesses	were	recorded	on	the	day	of	harvest,	and	USDA	quality	grade;	USDA	yield	grade;	marbling;	12th	rib	fat	thickness;	ribeye	area;	and	kidney,	pelvic,	and	heart	fat	were	recorded	after	a	48-hour	chilling	period.Results and DiscussionAddition	of	glycerin	to	grain-based	diets	caused	a	linear	(P=0.04)	decrease	in	dry	matter	intake	(Table	2).	However,	there	were	no	differences	in	dry	matter	intake	between	the	0.5%	and	2%	glycerin	levels	in	grain-based	diets.	Feeding	both	0.5%	and	2%	glycerin	in	grain-based	diets	tended	to	cause	a	3.5%	decrease	(0.5%,	P=0.06;	2%,	P=0.07)	in	daily	dry	matter	intake	compared	with	the	control	steam-flaked	corn	diet.	Similar	glycerin	effects	on	dry	matter	intake	were	not	observed	when	glycerin	was	fed	in	a	by-product	diet	(Table	2).	Feeding	2%	glycerin	in	a	by-product	diet	increase	(P<0.01)	daily	dry	matter	intake	11.1%	compared	with	feeding	2%	glycerin	in	a	grain-based	diet.	The	addition	of	by-products	without	glycerin	increased	(P<0.01)	daily	dry	matter	intake	by	5.3%	compared	with	the	control	steam-flaked	corn	diet.	Collectively,	the	addition	of	by-products,	with	or	without	glycerin,	increased	(P<0.01)	dry	matter	intake	compared	with	grain-based	diets	(Table	2).	The	carcass-adjusted	feed-to-gain	ratio	also	was	poorer	(P<0.01)	as	a	result	of	adding	by-products	to	the	diet.	There	were	no	differences	(P>0.2)	among	treatments	with	respect	to	average	daily	gain,	feed-to-gain	ratio,	and	final	body	weight.	Glycerin	added	to	grain-based	diets	had	a	linear	tendency	(P=0.058	for	overall	F	test	and	P=0.03	for	contrast)	to	decrease	the	percentage	of	carcasses	that	graded	USDA	Choice	or	higher	(Table	2).	Consequently,	glycerin	fed	in	grain-based	diets	caused	a	linear	increase	(P=0.02)	in	the	percentage	of	carcasses	that	graded	USDA	Select.	Similarly,	the	addition	of	by-products	had	a	tendency	(P=0.058	for	overall	F	test	and	P=0.02	for	contrast)	to	decrease	the	percentage	of	carcasses	that	graded	USDA	Choice	or	higher	and	increase	(P=0.02)	the	percentage	of	carcasses	that	graded	USDA	Select	(Table	2).	There	were	no	differences	(P>0.3)	among	treatments	in	hot	carcass	weight;	dressed	yield;	loin	muscle	area;	12th	rib	fat	thickness;	marbling	score;	USDA	yield	grade;	liver	abscess	prevalence;	or	kidney,	pelvic,	and	heart	fat.	ImplicationsAdding	low	levels	of	glycerin	reduced	dry	matter	intake	in	grain-based	diets	but	had	no	effect	on	dry	matter	intake	in	diets	containing	by-products.	Unlike	previous	studies,	adding	glycerin	to	the	diet	did	not	improve	performance.		116NutritionTable 1. Composition of steam-flaked corn-based finishing diets containing low levels of crude glycerin and diets containing by-products with or without crude glycerin fed to yearling heifers Grain-based	diets By-product-based	dietsIngredients,	%	dry	matter0%	Glycerin0.5%	Glycerin2%	Glycerin0%	Glycerin2%	GlycerinSteam-flaked	corn 80.7 80.1 78.3 45.6 44.2Soybean	hulls --- --- 25.0 25.0Wet	distillers	grains --- --- 15.0 15.0Corn	silage 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0Soybean	meal 4.4 4.5 4.8 --- 0.4Alfalfa	hay 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0Crude	glycerin --- 0.5 2.0 --- 2.0Supplement1 5.9 5.9 5.9 4.4 4.4Analyzed	composition,	%Dry	matter 76.1 76.2 76.3 64.6 64.7Neutral	detergent	fiber 13.5 13.4 13.3 29.8 29.6Crude	protein 14.4 14.4 14.4 14.1 14.1Calcium 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.9 0.9Phosphorus 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.4Potassium 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.9 0.91	Formulated	to	provide	300	mg/day	Rumensin;	90	mg/day	Tylan;	1,000	IU/lb	vitamin	A;	10	IU/lb	vitamin	E;	10	ppm	copper;	60	ppm	zinc;	60	ppm	manganese;	0.5	ppm	iodine;	0.25	ppm	selenium;	and	0.15	ppm	cobalt.	Zilmax	was	fed	for	21days	before	harvest	at	the	rate	of	7.56	g/ton	of	diet	dry	matter	followed	by	a	3-day	withdrawal	period.117NutritionTable 2. Performance and carcass characteristics of yearling heifers fed finishing diets based on steam-flaked corn contain-ing 0%, 0.5%, or 2% glycerin or diets containing by-products with 0% or 2% glycerinGrain-based	diets By-product-based	diets Contrast P-values1Item0%	Glycerin0.5%	Glycerin2%	Glycerin0%	Glycerin2%	Glycerin SEMGlycerin	EffectBy-product	EffectInitial	weight,	lb 942 941 942 943 939 19.51Final	weight2,	lb 1240 1222 1214 1215 1220 18.80Dry	matter	intake,	lb/day 19.5a 18.7a 18.8a 20.5b 20.9b 0.40 <0.01Average	daily	gain,	lb/day 2.95 2.7 2.56 2.56 2.87 0.15Feed:Gain 6.58 6.92 7.30 7.16 7.89 0.38Carcass-adjusted	feed:gain 5.81 5.92 6.73 6.73 6.56 0.01 <0.01Hot	carcass	weight,	lb 787 776 771 772 775 11.94Dressing	percentage 65.4 65.7 65.9 64.5 66.1 0.01Ribeye	area,	sq	in. 14.3 14.2 13.9 13.8 14.1 0.2112th	rib	fat	thickness,	in. 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.55 0.47 0.03Kidney,	pelvic,	and	heart	fat 2.1 2.0 2.1 2.0 2.1 0.08Liver	abscess	prevalence,	% 3.3 1.8 3.3 3.3 5.4 2.52Marbling3 Sm	50 Sm	30 Sm	20 Sm	30 Sm	30 13.12USDA	yield	grade 2.1 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.1 0.10USDA	quality	grade,	%Premium	Choice 26.1 16.4 15.2 18.8 20.3 0.74Choice	or	greater 80 65 66 60 61 0.06 0.02Select 12 26 27 34 32 0.04 0.01Standard 8 9 7 6 7 0.44Within	a	row,	means	without	common	superscripts	are	different	(P<0.05).1	Contrasts	protected	by	an	overall	F-test	(P<0.10).2	Final	body	weight	was	calculated	as	hot	carcass	weight	divided	by	a	common	dressing	percentage	of	63.5%.3	Sm,	Small	amount	of	marbling	as	determined	by	USDA	grader.

Effects of feeding low levels of crude glycerin with or without other by-products on performance and carcass characteristics of feedlot heifers

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Effects of feeding low levels of crude glycerin with or without other by-products on performance and carcass characteristics of feedlot heifers

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