Two trials were conducted to evaluated four forage sorghum silage additives: ammonium iso-butyrate, aureomycin, sodium hydroxide, and a mixture of acetic and propionic acids. A control silage received no additives

Bolsen, K.K.

Hoover, J.D.

Riley, Jack G.

Breton

Kansas State University

Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports Volume 0 Issue 1 Cattleman's Day (1993-2014) Article 1391 1973 Four forage sorghum silage additives evaluated K.K. Bolsen Jack G. Riley J.D. Hoover This report is brought to you for free and open access by New Prairie Press. It has been accepted for inclusion in Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports by an authorized administrator of New Prairie Press. Copyright 1973 Kansas State University Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service. Contents of this publication may be freely reproduced for educational purposes. All other rights reserved. Brand names appearing in this publication are for product identification purposes only. No endorsement is intended, nor is criticism implied of similar products not mentioned. K-State Research and Extension is an equal opportunity provider and employer. Follow this and additional works at: https://newprairiepress.org/kaesrr  Part of the Other Animal Sciences Commons Recommended Citation Bolsen, K.K.; Riley, Jack G.; and Hoover, J.D. (1973) "Four forage sorghum silage additives evaluated," Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports: Vol. 0: Iss. 1. https://doi.org/10.4148/2378-5977.2794 Four forage sorghum silage additives evaluated Abstract Two trials were conducted to evaluated four forage sorghum silage additives: ammonium iso-butyrate, aureomycin, sodium hydroxide, and a mixture of acetic and propionic acids. A control silage received no additives. Keywords Cattlemen's Day, 1973; Report of progress (Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station); 568; Beef; Forage sorghum; Performance; Crude protein Creative Commons License This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. This research report is available in Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports: https://newprairiepress.org/kaesrr/vol0/iss1/1391 31F o u r  F o r a g e  S o r g h u m  S i l a g e  A d d i t i v e s  E v a l u a t e dK .  K .  B o l s e n , J .  G .  R i l e y  a n d  J .  D .  H o o v e rSummaryT w o  t r i a l s  w e r e  c o n d u c t e d  t o  e v a l u a t e  f o u r  f o r a g e  s o r g h u ms i l a g e  a d d i t i v e s :  a m m o n i u m  i s o - b u t y r a t e ,  a u r e o m y c i n ,  s o d i u mh y d r o x i d e ,  a n d  a  m i x t u r e  o f  a c e t i c  a n d  p r o p i o n i c  a c i d s .  A  c o n -t r o l  s i l a g e  r e c e i v e d  n o  a d d i t i v e s .I n  a n  a n i m a l  p e r f o r m a n c e  t r i a l ,  e a c h  o f  t h e  f i v e  s i l a g e sw a s  f e d  t o  1 5  h e i f e r  c a l v e s  f o r  1 1 2  d a y s .  A l l  h e i f e r s  w e r ef u l l - f e d  s i l a g e  p l u s  4  l b .  o f  r o l l e d  m i l o  a n d  2  l b .  o f  a  s o y -b e a n  m e a l  s u p p l e m e n t  d a i l y .  T h e r e  w e r e  n o  s i g n i f i c a n td i f f e r e n c e s  i n  g a i n  o r  f e e d  c o n s u m p t i o n .  H e i f e r s  r e c e i v i n gs o d i u m  h y d r o x i d e  s i l a g e  r e q u i r e d  m o r e  f e e d  p e r  l b .  o f  g a i n( P < . 0 5 )  t h a n  t h o s e  r e c e i v i n g  a m m o n i u m  i s o - b u t y r a t e  o r  o r g a n i ca c i d  s i l a g e s .  F e e d  c o s t  p e r  1 0 0  l b .  g a i n  w a s  l o w e s t  f o r  h e i f e r sf e d  t h e  s i l a g e  w i t h  n o  a d d i t i v e .I n  a  d i g e s t i o n  t r i a l , e a c h  s i l a g e  w a s  f e d  t o  3  w e t h e r  l a m b si n  t w o ,  1 2 - d a y  p r e l i m i n a r y  a n d  7 - d a y  c o l l e c t i o n  p e r i o d s .D i g e s t i o n  c o e f f i c i e n t s  f o r  d r y  m a t t e r ,  o r g a n i c  m a t t e r ,  a n dn i t r o g e n  r e t e n t i o n  w e r e  n o t  i n f l u e n c e d  b y  s i l a g e  t r e a t m e n t ;h o w e v e r ,  c r u d e  p r o t e i n  d i g e s t i b i l i t v  w a s  l o w e r  ( P < . 0 5 )  f o r  l a m b sf e d  t h e  s o d i u m  h y d r o x i d e  s i l a g e  r a t i o n  t h a n  f o r  l a m b s  f e d  a n y  o ft h e  o t h e r  f o u r  s i l a g e  r a t i o n s .S i l a g e  a n a l y s e s  s h o w e d  p H , a s h  p e r c e n t a g e  a n d  b u t y r i c  a c i dp e r c e n t a g e  h i g h e s t  i n  t h e  s o d i u m  h y d r o x i d e  s i l a g e .T h e s e  r e s u l t s  i n d i c a t e  t h a t  f e e d i n g  v a l u e s  o f  f o r a g es o r g h u m  s i l a g e  w e r e  n o t  s i g n i f i c a n t l y  i m p r o v e d  b y  a n y  o f  t h ef o u r  a d d i t i v e s .M a n y  f a c t o r s  a f f e c t  t h e  f e r m e n t a t i o n  a n d  q u a l i t y  o f  c o r na n d  f o r a g e  s o r g h u m , t h e  t w o  p r i n c i p a l  s i l a g e  c r o p s  i n  K a n s a s .F i v e  o f  t h e  f a c t o r s  a r e  p l a n t  m a t u r i t y  a n d  m o i s t u r e  c o n t e n t  a th a r v e s t , f i n e n e s s  o f  c h o p , t y p e  o f  s t o r a g e  s t r u c t u r e ,  a n da n a e r o b i c  c o n d i t i o n s .  P r e v i o u s  r e s e a r c h  w i t h  s i l a g e  a d d i t i v e sh a s  f o c u s e d  o n  d e v e l o p i n g  a c i d  c o n d i t i o n s  i n  t h e  s i l a g e  o rm i n i m i z i n g  p r o d u c t i o n  o f  u n d e s i r a b l e  f e r m e n t a t i o n  e n d - p r o d u c t s .I n t r o d u c t i o n32T h e  f o u r  a d d i t i v e s  e v a l u a t e d  i n  t h e s e  e x p e r i m e n t s  m a yi n h i b i t  m o l d  g r o w t h  a n d  a l t e r  f e r m e n t a t i o n  o r  c h a n g e  t h ec h e m i c a l  s t r u c t u r e  a n d  n u t r i t i v e  v a l u e  o f  t h e  s i l a g e .E x p e r i m e n t a l  P r o c e d u r eA l l  f o r a g e  s o r g h u m  u s e d  w a s  g r o w n  i n  t h e  s a m e  l o c a t i o n  a n dw a s  t h e  s a m e  v a r i e t y .  I t  w a s  h a r v e s t e d  b e t w e e n  S e p t e m b e r  1 7a n d  2 4 , 1 9 7 1 ,  t o  m i n i m i z e  p l a n t  m a t u r i t y  d i f f e r e n c e s  b e t w e e nt h e  s i l a g e  t r e a t m e n t s .  A p p r o x i m a t e l y  5 0  t o n s  o f  e a c h  s i l a g ew e r e  e n s i l e d  i n  u p r i g h t ,  c o n c r e t e  s t a v e  s i l o s  ( 1 0  f t .  x  5 0  f t . )a t  a b o u t  6 8 %  m o i s t u r e  ( a t  h a r v e s t ) .  T h e  f o r a g e  c h o p p e r  h a d  a2 - i n c h  r e c u t t e r  s c r e e n .T h e  s i l a g e  t r e a t m e n t s  w e r e :S i l a g e  T r e a t m e n t D e s c r i p t i o n1 C o n t r o l  -  n o  a d d i t i v eA m m o n i u m  i s o - b u t y r a t e  ( A I B )  ,  1 0  l b .12p e r  t o n  o f  w e t  f o r a g e3 Aureomyc in , 1  g r a m  p e r  t o n  o f  w e tf o r a g e  ( 1  g m  o f  a u r e o m y c i n  p r e m i x e dw i t h  1  l b . o f  f i n e l y  g r o u n d  m i l o )4 S o d i u m  h y d r o x i d e  ( N a O H ) ,  2 8  l b .  p e rt o n  o f  w e t  f o r a g e5 O r g a n i c  a c i d  m i x t u r e  ,  3 0  l b .  p e r2,3t o n  o f  w e t  f o r a g eT h e  a d d i t i v e s  w e r e  a d d e d  a t  t h e  s i l o  b l o w e r .T r i a l  1 .  S e v e n t y - f i v e  H e r e f o r d  h e i f e r s  a v e r a g i n g  4 1 1  l b .  w e r eu s e d  i n  a  1 1 2 - d a y  g r o w i n g  t r i a l  b e g i n n i n g  J a n u a r y  1 9 ,  1 9 7 2 .T h r e e  p e n s  o f  f i v e  h e i f e r s  e a c h  w e r e  r a n d o m l y  a s s i g n e d  t o  e a c ho f  t h e  f i v e  s i l a g e  t r e a t m e n t s .  A l l  r a t i o n s  c o n t a i n e d  a  f u l lf e e d  o f  t h e  a p p r o p r i a t e  s i l a g e ,  4  l b .  o f  r o l l e d  m i l o  a n d  2  l b .o f  s u p p l e m e n t  ( t a b l e  1 )  d a i l y .  G r a i n  w a s  a d d e d  t o  a s s u r e  am i n i m u m  a v e r a g e  d a i l y  g a i n  o f  1 . 7 0  l b .  N o  a t t e m p t  w a s  m a d e  t on e u t r a l i z e  t h e  s o d i u m  i o n s  i n  t h e  N a O H  s i l a g e  o r  t o  c o m p e n s a t ef o r  t h e  a d d i t i o n a l  n i t r o g e n  i n  t h e  A I B  s i l a g e .  T h e  r a t i o n s  w e r em i x e d  a n d  f e d  t w i c e  d a i l y .  I n i t i a l  a n d  f i n a l  w e i g h t s  o f  h e i f e r sw e r e  t a k e n  a f t e r  1 5  h o u r s  w i t h o u t  f e e d  o r  w a t e r ;  2 8 - d a y ,  i n t e r -m e d i a t e  w e i g h t s  w e r e  t a k e n  a f t e r  t h e  a . m .  f e e d i n g .1 Supp l i ed  by  W.  R .  Grace  and  Co . ,  Wash ing ton  Resea rch  Cen te r ,2Clarksville, Md.O r g a n i c  a c i d  m i x t u r e  ( t r a d e  n a m e  -  C h e m S t o r )  c o n t a i n s  6 0 %  a c e t i c3a n d  4 0 %  p r o p i o n i c  a c i d s .S u p p l i e d  b y  C e l a n e s e  C h e m i c a l  C o . ,  C o r p u s  C h r i s t i ,  T e x a s .3 3T r i a l  2 . F i f t e e n  R a m b o u l l e t  w e t h e r  l a m b s  a v e r a g i n g  9 0  l b .  w e r eu s e d  i n  a  d i g e s t i o n  a n d  n i t r o g e n  b a l a n c e  t r i a l .  E a c h  o f  t h ef i v e  s i l a g e  t r e a t m e n t s  w a s  f e d  t o  t h r e e  l a m b s  i n  t w o ,  1 2 - d a yp r e l i m i n a r y  a n d  7 - d a y  c o l l e c t i o n  p e r i o d s .  T h e  r a t i o n s  c o n t a i n e d7 8  p e r c e n t  s i l a g e  a n d  2 2  p e r c e n t  s o y b e a n  m e a l  b a s e d  s u p p l e m e n t( d r y  m a t t e r  b a s i s ) . D u r i n g  e a c h  p r e l i m i n a r y  p e r i o d ,  s i l a g e  w a so f f e r e d  f r e e - c h o i c e  f r o m  d a y  1  t h r o u g h  d a y  1 0 .  S i l a g e  v o l u n t a r yi n t a k e  w a s  d e t e r m i n e d  f o r  e a c h  l a m b  o n  d a y s  8 ,  9 ,  a n d  1 0 .C h e m i c a l  a n a l y s e s  o f  t h e  s i l a g e s  a r e  s h o w n  i n  t a b l e  2 .O n l y  s l i g h t  d i f f e r e n c e s  w e r e  o b t a i n e d  i n  p r o x i m a t e  a n d  s t r u c t u r a lc o m p o n e n t s  a m o n g  t h e  f i v e  s i l a g e s .  A s h  c o n t e n t  w a s  h i g h e s t  a n dn e u t r a l  d e t e r g e n t  f i b e r  c o n t e n t  l o w e s t  i n  t h e  N a O H  s i l a g e .  C r u d ep r o t e i n  a n a l y s i s  i n d i c a t e s  t h a t  o n l y  a b o u t  2 0  p e r c e n t  o f  t h en i t r o g e n  i n  t h e  A I B  w a s  r e c o v e r e d  i n  t h e  s i l a g e  a f t e r  f e r m e n t a -t i o n  a n d  s t o r a g e .  A I B  c o n t a i n s  8 4  p e r c e n t  c r u d e  p r o t e i ne q u i v a l e n t  s o  t h e  c a l c u l a t e d  c r u d e  p r o t e i n  i n  t h e  A I B - t r e a t e ds i l a g e  w h e n  e n s i l e d  w a s  6 . 4 0  p e r c e n t .  I t s  c r u d e  p r o t e i n  c o n t e n tw a s  5 . 4 0  p e r c e n t  w h e n  f e d .A c i d  p e r c e n t a g e s  i n  t h e  s i l a g e s  a f t e r  f e r m e n t a t i o n  v a r i e dw i d e l y .  T h e  c o n t r o l  a n d  a u r e o m y c i n - t r e a t e d  s i l a g e s  h a d  s i m i l a ra m o u n t s  o f  a c e t a t e ,  l a c t a t e  a n d  b u t y r a t e .  T h e  A I B - t r e a t e d  s i l a g ec o n t a i n e d  1 . 4 6  p e r c e n t  i s o - b u t y r a t e .  T h e  N a O H - t r e a t e d  s i l a g e  h a dt h e  h i g h e s t  p H  ( 6 . 4 0 ) ,t r a c e s  o f  l a c t a t e .  I t  w a s  a l s o  a  m u c h  d a r k e r  c o l o r  ( d a r k  b r o w nt h e  h i g h e s t  p e r c e n t a g e  b u t y r a t e ,  a n d  o n l yt o  b l a c k )  t h a n  t h e  o t h e r  f o u r  s i l a g e s .P e r f o r m a n c e  o f  h e i f e r s  i n  t r i a l  1  i s  s h o w n  i n  t a b l e  3 .N o n e  o f  t h e  d i f f e r e n c e s  i n  d a i l y  g a i n  o r  f e e d  c o n s u m p t i o n  d i f f e r e ds i g n i f i c a n t l y .  H e i f e r s  f e d  A I B  a n d  o r g a n i c  a c i d  s i l a g e  r a t i o n st e n d e d  t o  g a i n  f a s t e r  t h a n  h e i f e r s  f e d  t h e  o t h e r  t h r e e  s i l a g er a t i o n s . N a O H  s i l a g e  w a s  c o n s u m e d  i n  t h e  l a r g e s t  a m o u n t s ;  b u th e i f e r s  f e d  t h i s  s i l a g e  r e q u i r e d  m o r e  f e e d  p e r  l b .  o f  g a i n  ( P < . 0 5 )t h a n  t h o s e  f e d  A I B  o r  o r g a n i c  a c i d  s i l a g e s .  A l s o ,  c o n s u m p t i o nw a s  m o r e  v a r i a b l e  b e t w e e n  p e n s  o f  h e i f e r s  b e i n g  f e d  t h e  N a O Hs i l a g e  t h a n  t h o s e  f e d  t h e  o t h e r  s i l a g e s .  H e i f e r s  f e d  t h e  c o n t r o ls i l a g e  r a t i o n  h a d  t h e  l o w e s t  f e e d  c o s t s  p e r  1 0 0  l b .  o f  g a i n .A d d i n g  N a O H  o r  t h e  o r g a n i c  a c i d  m i x t u r e  i n c r e a s e d  f e e d  c o s t s  1 8a n d  8  p e r c e n t ,  r e s p e c t i v e l y .R e s u l t s  o f  t r i a l  2  a r e  p r e s e n t e d  i n  t a b l e  4 .  A p p a r e n td i g e s t i o n  c o e f f i c i e n t s  f o r  d r y  m a t t e r  a n d  o r g a n i c  m a t t e r  w e r e  n o ts i g n i f i c a n t l y  a f f e c t e d  b y  s i l a g e  t r e a t m e n t .  C r u d e  p r o t e i n  d i -g e s t i b i l i t y  w a s  s i g n i f i c a n t l y  l o w e r  ( p < . 0 5 )  a n d  p e r c e n t a g e  o fn i t r o g e n  r e t a i n e d  t e n d e d  t o  b e  l o w e r  i n  l a m b s  f e d  t h e  N a O H  s i l a g er a t i o n  t h a n  i n  t h o s e  f e d  a n y  o t h e r  r a t i o n .  L a m b s  f e d  N a O H  s i l a g ec o n s u m e d  1 4  t o  2 0  p e r c e n t  m o r e  s i l a g e  d r y  m a t t e r  d u r i n g  t h e  p r e -l i m i n a r y  p e r i o d s  t h a n  a n y  o t h e r  g r o u p .R e s u l t s34T a b l e  1 .  C o m p o s i t i o n  o f  t h e  S u p p l e m e n t .%( d r y  m a t t e r  b a s i s )I n g r e d i e n tSoybean  mea l 6 4 . 6 2R o l l e d  m i l o 2 9 . 4 2L i m e s t o n e 1 . 7 5S a l t 2 . 5 0F a t 1 . 0 0T r a c e  M i n e r a l  P r e m i x 0 . 2 5C h l o r t e t r a c y c l i n e a 0 . 3 5V i t a m i n  A  P r e m i xb 0 . 1 1aF o r m u l a t e d  t o  s u p p l y  7 0  m g .  p e r  h e i f e r  p e r  d a y .bF o r m u l a t e d  t o  s u p p l y  3 0 , 0 0 0  I U  p e r  h e i f e r  p e r  d a y .T a b l e  2 .  S i l a g e  A n a l y s e s  ( D r y  M a t t e r  B a s i s ) .S i l a g e  t r e a t m e n tC o n t r o l AIB Aureomycin NaOH O r g a n i ca c i dI t e mD r y  m a t t e r ,  % 3 2 . 6 3 1 . 3 3 1 . 9 3 1 . 9 3 1 . 6Ash, % 7 . 9 8 . 0 7 . 9 1 0 . 4 6 . 1C r u d e  p r o t e i n ,  % 5 . 2 5 . 4 5 . 1 5 . 2 5 . 2C r u d e  f i b e r ,  % 2 7 . 3 2 7 . 5 2 7 . 3 2 7 . 2 2 5 . 0N e u t r a l  d e t e r g e n tf i b e r ,  %A c i d  d e t e r g e n tf i b e r ,  %L i g n i n ,  %6 3 . 6 6 2 . 7 6 0 . 7 5 8 . 9 6 2 . 13 8 . 7 3 4 . 5 3 5 . 9 3 7 . 6 3 2 . 97 . 5 5 . 8 6 . 0 7 . 3 6 . 0p HA c e t a t e ,  %P r o p i o n a t e ,  % - - - - aL a c t a t e ,  % 4 . 2 4B u t y r a t e ,  %I s o - b u t y r a t e ,  %4 . 1 90 . 8 1- - - - a4 . 0 00 . 1 2- - - -a4.170.98- - - -a1 . 4 64.100.92- - - -a3.750.176 . 4 0 4 . 1 02 . 1 2 1 . 8 80 . 4 4 1 . 1 9Trace T r a c e4 . 0 8 T r a c e- - - -a - - - -a - - - -aaNone detected.35T a b l e  3 .  H e i f e r  P e r f o r m a n c e  ( T r i a l  1 ) .I t e mS i l a g e  t r e a t m e n tC o n t r o l A I B Aureomycin NaOH O r g a n i ca c i d15 14a15 15 15408 408 408 423 406613 622 611 620 627N o .  o f  h e i f e r sI n i t i a l  w t . ,  l b .F i n a l  w t . ,  l b .A v g .  t o t a l  g a i n ,l b .A v g .  d a i l y  g a i n ,l b .205 214 203 197 2211 . 8 3 1 . 9 1 1 . 8 1 1 . 7 6 1 . 9 7A v g .  d a i l y  f e e dbS i l a g e ,  l b . 9 . 4 1 9 . 0 3 9 . 2 7 1 0 . 0 2 9 . 0 6M i l o ,  l b . 3 . 4 0 3 . 4 0 3 . 4 0 3 . 4 0 3 . 4 0S u p p l e m e n t ,  l b . 1 . 7 4 1 . 7 4 1 . 7 4 1 . 7 4 1 . 7 4T o t a l ,  l b . 1 4 . 5 5 1 4 . 1 7 1 4 . 4 1 1 5 . 1 6 1 4 . 2 0F e e d  c o s t / 1 0 0  l b .g a i n  , $e 1 9 . 3 4 1 9 . 3 7 1 9 . 5 0 2 2 . 9 5 2 0 . 9 1F e e d / l b .  g a i n ,  l b . 7 . 9c , d 7 . 4 3c 8 . 0 2c , d8 . 6 2d 7 . 2 0caO n e  h e i f e r  d i e d  ( a c c i d e n t a l  c a u s e ) .  bD r y  m a t t e r  b a s i s .c , dM e a n s  i n  t h e  s a m e  r o w  w i t h  d i f f e r e n t  s u p e r s c r i p t s  d i f f e rs ign i f i can t ly  (P< .05 ) .eF e e d  p r i c e s  p e r  t o n :  c o n t r o l  s i l a g e ,  $ 1 0 ;  A I B  s i l a g e ,  $ 1 1 . 5 0 ;A u r e o m y c i n  s i l a g e ,  $ 1 0 . 0 4 ;  N a O H  s i l a g e ,  $ 1 2 . 6 0 ;  o r g a n i c  a c i ds i l a g e ,  $ 1 4 . 5 0 ;  m i l o ,  $ 5 0 ;  a n d  s u p p l e m e n t ,  $ 1 5 0 .36T a b l e  4 . R a t i o n  D i g e s t i b i l i t y ,  N i t r o g e n  R e t e n t i o n ,  a n dV o l u n t a r y  S i l a g e  D r y  M a t t e r  I n t a k e  b y  L a m b s( T r i a l  2 )aS i l a g e  t r e a t m e n tI t e mC o n t r o l AIB Aureomycin NaOH O r g a n i ca c i dA p p a r e n t  d i g e s t i o n  c o e f f i c i e n t sD r y  m a t t e r ,  % 6 4 . 6 6 3 . 3 6 5 . 5 6 7 . 3 6 5 . 0O r g a n i c  m a t t e r ,  % 6 6 . 47 2 . 7 b6 5 . 2 67.4 6 7 . 8C r u d e  p r o t e i n ,  % 7 1 . 6 b 72.9 b 6 5 . 9 c6 5 . 67 0 . 3bN i t r o g e n  r e t a i n e d ,  % 4 1 . 7 4 1 . 2 44.1 3 9 . 4 4 1 . 5V o l u n t a r y  s i l a g e  d r ydm a t t e r i n t a k e 100 1 0 5 106 120 100aE a c h  v a l u e  i s  t h e  m e a n  o f  s i x  o b s e r v a t i o n s .b ,c M e a n s  i n  t h e  s a m e  r o w  w i t h  d i f f e r e n t  s u p e r s c r i p t s  d i f f e rdsignificantly (p<.05). Control silage valued 100; intake of the other silagesr e p o r t e d  a s  p e r c e n t a g e  o f  t h e  c o n t r o l .

Four forage sorghum silage additives evaluated

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Four forage sorghum silage additives evaluated

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Kansas State University