— License plate localization is considered as the most important part of license 

plate recognition system. The high accuracy rate of license plate recognition is depended on 

the ability of license plate detection. This paper presents a novel method for license plate 

localization bases on license plate features. This proposed method consists of two main 

processes. First, candidate regions extraction step, Sobel operator is applied to obtain 

vertical edges and then potential candidate regions are extracted by deploying mathematical 

morphology operations [5]. Last, license plate verification step, this step employs the 

standard deviation of license plate features to confirm license plate position. The 

experimental results show that the proposed method can achieve high quality license plate 

localization results with high accuracy rate of 98.26 %

Boonsim, Noppakun

Prakoonwit, Simant

English

University of Bedfordshire Repository

   License Plate Localization Based on Statistical Measures of License Plate Features N. Boonsim1 and S. Prakoonwit2 Institute for Research in Applicable Computing, University of Bedfordshire, Luton, UK Email: {noppakun.boonsim1, simant.prakoonwit2} @beds.ac.uk   Abstract— License plate localization is considered as the most important part of license plate recognition system. The high accuracy rate of license plate recognition is depended on the ability of license plate detection.  This paper presents a novel method for license plate localization bases on license plate features. This proposed method consists of two main processes.  First, candidate regions extraction step, Sobel operator is applied to obtain vertical edges and then potential candidate regions are extracted by deploying mathematical morphology operations [5].  Last, license plate verification step, this step employs the standard deviation of license plate features to confirm license plate position. The experimental results show that the proposed method can achieve high quality license plate localization results with high accuracy rate of 98.26 %.  Index Terms — vehicle license plate localization, connected component analysis, standard deviation, license plate features I.  INTRODUCTION The car license plate recognition (LPR) is a very important application in intelligence transport system (ITS) such as traffic surveillances, toll collection systems, parking management systems and law enforcement. Usually, LPR system is divided into three processes: license plate localization (LPL), character segmentation (CS), and character recognition (CR). Among   these, the LPL is considered the most important stage because the accuracy rate of CS and CR very much depends on the performance of the license plate localization. In the past, a number of methods have been proposed for detecting car license plates. The approaches for LPL include texture based [1][2][3][4][5], edge features based [7][8][9], plate colour based [10][11] and learning based [12][13][14]. Generally, texture based is reported the less computation time and high accuracy rate. On the other hand, this method is restricted to distance and illumination [15]. Although, the accuracy rate of edge statistic based were reported with more than 90 %, the method highly depends on the distance between the camera and the vehicle. Another disadvantage is the difficulty in detecting LP in complex scenes. Colour based approach is an efficient method for license plate localization when the lighting conditions are good. However, colour feature is restricted when illumination and weather changed. Learning based techniques demonstrate a high accuracy rate but the computational time consuming in training process is high and these methods need large database for practising. This paper presents a new texture based method for LPL. The main contribution of this study is the higher accuracy rate compared to Mendes et al. [5] which also adopts texture based LPL. Unlike [5], the novelty of this method is based on selecting the minimum standard deviations of license plate features, e.g. widths, heights and distances between borders and connected components within candidate regions. These statistics of license plate features can efficiently be used to distinguish the license plate with high accuracy. II.  PROPOSED METHOD The proposed algorithm for LPL consists of two main stages based on those presented in [5]. The first stage is the extraction of candidate regions, which includes horizontal gradient operation for edge detection and filtering by applying morphological operation to produce candidate regions and regions adjustment.  The second is the candidate verification, which considers statistic measures of license plate features to detect the position of a license plate. The flowchart in Fig. 1 shows the algorithm on which the proposed method is based. The main contribution of this paper appears in the ‘Decision among candidates’ process in the diagram. The rest are based on the method presented in [5]. A.  Horizontal Gradient The aim of this step is to detecting vertical edges, which are easier to detect than horizontal edges, to create license plate region candidates [5].  An input image is processed by using Sobel vertical edge operator [17].  After this operation is deployed, vertical edges are obtained which include the vertical edges of windows, mirror, headlight, car shape, license plate borders and characters edges. All vertical edges will be used to determine the license plate’s position. Fig. 2(b) illustrates the resulting image of the vertical edge detection on original image in Fig. 2(a). Then, a mean filter is used to emphasize license plate region which the mask has the same size as that of the license plate [5], see Fig. 2(c).    Horizontal gradient Filtering Adjustment to the VLP Decision among candidates Is there some candidate? Histogram equalizationVehicle license plate No Yes Input image Fig. 2 Steps of the license plate localization: (a) Original image (b) Horizontal gradient (c) Mean filter on horizontal gradient  (d) Small regions removed (e) Large regions removed  (f) Binarization (g) Potential candidate regions  (h) Candidate regions mapped location (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h)                         Fig. 1 The vehicle license plate localization algorithm. B.  Filtering The objective of this step is to obtain regions potentially containing a license plate. First, noise and small regions are removed by applying morphology opening operation with structure element (SE) size equals to threshold value, MINHCHAR (minimum character height), Fig. 2(d). After that, large regions are eliminated by the opening operation with a column SE size of MAXHCHAR (maximum character height) to gain effective regions as suggested in [5], Fig. 2(e). Last, the erosion and dilation operations are applied to obtain clear border of candidate regions which may be occur during previous stage.  C.  Adjust to the License Plate This stage aims to achieve candidate regions to be the potential license plate (LP) regions. Firstly, the filtered image is converted to a binary image. The threshold value is automatically given by applied Otsu’s method [16].  After binarized image, candidate regions are separated from complex background, which shows in Fig. 2(f). Secondly, removing non LP shape, the process is based on connected component analysis [5]. The potential candidate regions are preserved by following these characteristics: a) its width is greater than height; b) its width is larger than LP parameter MINWCHAR and its height is greater than minimum LP height MINHCHAR; c) LP cannot touch image boundary as suggested in [5]. Thirdly, to obtain only effective regions, intersection regions are considerably eliminated in last stage.                                            Fig. 2(g) illustrates the potential candidate regions and Fig. 2(h) shows mapping candidates to the original image before it is sent to license plate verification stage. D.  Decision Among Candidates  The goal of this phase is to verify the LP from candidate regions. The proposed method is an improvement over Mendes et al. [5] technique by selecting the minimum standard deviations of LP features, e.g. width, height and distances between connected components and border within candidate regions, while Mendes et al. [5] presented standard deviation of gray scale distribution to accurately detect LP.      (a) (b) (c) (d) Is there some components? Adaptive histogram equalization Decision among candidates Load original image containing candidate regions Binarization Connected component  analysis Vehicle license plate  The minimum STD. of the height of CCs  The minimum STD. of the width of CCs  The minimum STD. of the distance between CCs and border  VoteNo Yes                                 Fig. 3 The proposed algorithm decision among candidates  This proposed method includes three steps: loading image, converting to binary image and LP verification. Fig. 3 shows the algorithm for making decision among candidates. Firstly, an original image containing candidate regions is imported to the process, see Fig 4(a). Secondly, candidate regions are cropped and converted to binary image by Otsu’s method [16]. Fig. 4(b), 4(c) and 4(d) show the binarized image of the corresponding cropped candidate regions. Last, the region operation [17] is applied to all candidates to detect connected components (CCs) within the region. Then CCs are analysed to preserve only the effective candidate regions which have the following properties: a) the number of CCs is greater than or equal to two; b) its height is larger than the threshold, MINHCHAR; c) its width is bigger than the MINWCHAR.  If there is no candidate or all of them are discarded, adaptive histogram equalization is employed in the original image to improve the contrast. This process is performed at the beginning of binarization. If there is, still no candidate, histogram equalization is then applied [5] and the license plate detection process is repeated from the beginning.                              Fig. 4 Image binarization within candidate regions (a) Original image with candidate regions (b-d) Candidate regions with corresponding binarized image   For all CCs, the standard deviation (STD) of the widths, heights and distances between borders and CCs are calculated. Fig. 5(a) illustrates CCs within a candidate region where hi is the height and wi is the width of CCs and di is the distance of CCs to border of the region. Fig. 5(b) shows the measures of CCs within a real license plate.  The STD of connected components' features can calculate by (1)-(3)      ට∑ ൫௛೔ି௛൯మ೙೔సభ௡ିଵ    (1)   ට∑ ሺ௪೔ି௪ሻమ೙೔సభ௡ିଵ   (2)  	  ට∑ ൫ௗ೔ିௗ൯మ೙೔సభ௡ିଵ   (3)        Since the majority of license plate characters have the same size, width, height, regularity and orientation, the proposed method, therefore, employs these features to identify a license plate from candidate regions. The candidate with the minimum STD in width, height and distance of CCs to border is classified as the license plate.                  Fig. 5 connected components within candidate region (a) Connected component within candidate region (b) Connected components within  real LP II.  EXPERIMENT RESULTS  The methods are implemented in MATLAB on an Intel Pentium Dual Core 2.10 GHz, 3 GB memory. The average runtime of one image is 59 ms. The test set of images used in the experiments is available from [6]. The set consists of 345 images and contains Greek LPs. The experiments mainly use the images to compare the proposed method to the work of Mendes et al. [5]. The success of LPL is evaluated by the values of location area (la) in (4) and the excessive area (ea) in (5) which are defined as follows:   ݈ܽ ൌ 	 ௔௥௘௔ሺ௥೎೓ೌೝ	∩	௥೘೐೟ሻ௔௥௘௔ሺ௥೎೓ೌೝሻ   (4)   ݁ܽ ൌ 	 ௔௥௘௔ሺ௥ೡ೗೛	∩	௥೘೐೟ሻ௔௥௘௔ሺ௥ೡ೗೛ሻ   (5)   where ݎ௖௛௔௥ is minimum bounding box that includes all LP characters, ݎ௩௟௣ is minimum bounding box that includes the entire LP, ݎ௠௘௧is the LP region found by the method and area() is a function which returns area in                                 Fig. 6 the example license plate localization results  pixel of  a given region. The threshold values, for instance MINHCHAR, MAXHCHAR and MINWCHAR are experimentally defined as 11, 43 [5] and 4 pixels respectively which presents the highest accuracy results. In Table I, using the same test images, the proposed method obtains better detection rates than those presented in [5] in many aspects. For example, in terms of optimum location (la>85% and ea <100%), the proposed method achieves the accuracy of 98.26%, while [5] produces 96.52%. The location error (la>85% and ea <100%), consecutive and naïve location (la>0) results are also better at 1.45%, 99.71%, compared to 2.61% and 99.13% respectively. Excessive location metric (la > 85% and ea ≥ 100%) significantly rises from 0.84 % to 24.06 %. Fig. 6 illustrates the results of license plate localization.   TABLE I THE EXPERIMENT RESULTS  Optimum location la > 85% and ea < 100% Excessive location la > 85% and ea < 100% Location error l la > 85% and ea < 100% “Naive” location la > 0 Candidate number Mendes et al.[5] 96.52% 0.87% 2.61% 99.13% 2.57 Proposed method 98.26% 24.06% 1.45% 99.71% 2.57 (b) di hi wi h1 h2 h3 h4 h5 hn w1 w2 w3 w4 w5 wn d1 d2 d3 d4 dn d5 (a)    (a) (b) Fig. 7 Example of error in license plate localization (a) License plate covered by dirt (b) Blur license plate (c) license plate covered by shadow (d) low contrast license plate (d) (c)                   However, there are some circumstances where the proposed method does not perform very accurately. They are the cases where a license plate is covered by dust, Fig. 7(a), a blur license plate with (ea <100) in Fig. 7(b), license plate is covered by shadow in Fig. 7(c) and low contrast license plate in Fig. 7(d). CONCLUSIONS The new LP localization method based on the statistic measure of license plate features is presented in this paper. The proposed method employs the standard deviation of the widths, heights of characters within a license plate and the distance between a border and the CCs to locate the license plate.  The results show the improvement when compared to the results from the method using standard deviation of the gray level distribution described by Mendes et al. [5]. The method works well on good quality images with high contrast LPs and suitable lighting conditions. The future work will, therefore, include improving the algorithm to be able to cope with low contrast, blur images and limited lighting conditions. REFERENCES  [1]   C. D. Nguyen, M. Ardabilian and L. Chen, “Real-time license plate localization based on a new scale and rotation invariant texture descriptor”, Intelligent Transportation Systems the 11th IEEE International Conference, 2008,  pp. 956-961.  [2]   S. M. M. Roomi, M. Anitha and R. Bhargavi, “Accurate license plate localization”, Computer, Communication and Electrical Technology International Conference, 2011,  pp. 92-97.  [3]   X. Yu, H. Cao and H. Lu, “Algorithm of license plate localization based on texture analysis”, Transportation, Mechanical, and Electrical Engineering International Conference, 2011, pp. 259-262.   [4]  Y. Wang, W. Lin and S. Horng, “A sliding window technique for efficient license plate localization based on discrete wavelet transforms”. Expert Systems with Applications, vol. 38, no. 4, pp. 3142-3146, April 2011.  [5]   P. R. Mendes, J. M. R. Neves, A. I. Tavares and D. Menotti. “Towards an automatic vehicle access control system: License plate location”, Systems, Man, and Cybernetics IEEE International Conference, 2011,  pp. 2916-2921.         [6]   P. R. Mendes, D. Menotti, J. M. R.Neves and A. I., Tavares, “Vehicle license plate location (VLPL) algorithms”. Last accessed 1 April 2013, Available: https://github.com/pedrormjunior/vlpl. [7]   P. Tarabek, “A real-time license plate localization method based on vertical edge analysis”, Computer Science and Information Systems Federated Conference, 2012, pp. 149-154.  [8]   S. Saha, S. Basu, M. Nasipuri and K. D. Basu, “License plate localization from vehicle images: an edge based multi-stage approach”. vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 284-288, May 2009. [9]  W. L. Yao and C. -M. Pun, “A hybrid Macau license plate localization scheme based on vertical edge analysis”, Machine Learning and Cybernetics International Conference, 2009, pp. 1544-1549. [10]  S. Wu, Y. Wang and T. SUN, “A novel accurately automatic license plate localization method”, Vehicular Electronics and Safety IEEE International Conference, 2011, pp. 155-160. [11]  N. Ukani and A. H. Meht, “An accurate method for license plate localization using morphological operations and edge processing”, Image and Signal Processing the 3rd International Congress, 2010, pp. 2488-2491. [12]  Y. Peng, M. Xu, J. S. JIN, S. Luo and G. Zhao, “Cascade-Based License Plate Localization with Line Segment Features and Haar-Like Features”, Image and Graphics the 6th International Conference, 2011, pp. 1023-1028.  [13]  D. Yang, J. Kong, N. Du, X. Li and X. Che, “A novel approach for license plate localization based on SVM classifier”, Information Management and Engineering the 2nd IEEE International Conference, 2010, pp. 655-660.  [14]  J. Liu, J. Liu and W. Jin, “Robust vehicle license plate localization using To-MACH filter”, Computer Science and Education the 5th International Conference, 2010,  pp. 1106-1109.  [15] C. E. Anagnostopoulos, I. E. Anagnostopoulos, I. D. Psoroulas,  V. Loumos, and E. Kayafas. “License Plate Recognition From Still Images and Video Sequences: A Survey”. Intelligent Transportation Systems, IEEE Transactions, vol. 9, no 3, pp. 377-391, September 2008. [16]  N. Otsu, “A threshold selection method from gray-level histograms” Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, IEEE Transactions, vol. SMC-9, pp. 62-66, January 1979.  [17] R.C. Gonzalez and R. E. Wood, Digital image Processing.                   3rd ed. Prentice Hall, 2007   

A hybrid Macau license plate localization scheme based on vertical edge analysis”,

A novel accurately automatic license plate localization method”,

A novel approach for license plate localization based on

A real-time license plate localization method based on vertical edge analysis”,

A sliding window technique for efficient license plate localization based on discrete wavelet transforms”.

A threshold selection method from gray-level histograms”

Algorithm of license plate localization based on texture analysis”,

An accurate method for license plate localization using morphological operations and edge processing”,

License plate localization from vehicle images: an edge based multistage approach”.

License Plate Recognition From Still Images and Video Sequences: A Survey”. Intelligent Transportation Systems,

Real-time license plate localization based on a new scale and rotation invariant texture descriptor”,

Robust vehicle license plate localization using To-MACH filter”,

Towards an automatic vehicle access control system:

Vehicle license plate location (VLPL) algorithms”.

License plate localization based on statistical measures of license plate features

Abstract — License plate localization is considered as the most important part of license plate recognition system. The high accuracy rate of license plate recognition is depended on the ability of license plate detection. This paper presents a novel method for license plate localization bases on license plate features. This proposed method consists of two main processes. First, candidate regions extraction step, Sobel operator is applied to obtain vertical edges and then potential candidate regions are extracted by deploying mathematical morphology operations [5]. Last, license plate verification step, this step employs the standard deviation of license plate features to confirm license plate position. The experimental results show that the proposed method can achieve high quality license plate localization results with high accuracy rate of 98.26 %. Index Terms — vehicle license plate localization, connected component analysis, standard deviation, license plate features. I

N. Boonsim

S. Prakoonwit

CiteSeerX

License Plate Localization based on Statistical Measures of License Plate Features

http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.428.7497

License plate localization based on statistical measures of license plate features

Abstract

Similar works

Full text

Available Versions

University of Bedfordshire Repository

CiteSeerX