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The unprecedented 2017-2018 stratospheric smoke event : Decay phase and aerosol properties observed with the EARLINET
Authors
Karen Acheson
Lucas Alados-Arboledas
+61 more
Dietrich Althausen
Vassilis Amiridis
Albert Ansmann
Holger Baars
Livio Belegante
Daniele Bortoli
Antonella Boselli
Adolfo Comerón
Maria João Costa
Carmen Córdoba-Jabonero
Giuseppe D'Amico
Davide Dionisi
Ronny Engelmann
Patrick Fréville
Alfonso Javier Fernández García
Michael Gausa
Anna Gialitaki
Philippe Goloub
Ivan Grigorov
Juan Luis Guerrero-Rascado
Moritz Haarig
Alexander Haefele
Martial Haeffelin
Ingrid Hanssen
Birgit Heese
Julian Hofer
Qiaoyun Hu
Gian Luigi Liberti
Rodanthi Elisaveth Mamouri
Ina Mattis
Francisco Molero Menéndez
Lucia Mona
Detlef Müller
Francisco Navas-Guzmán
Doina Nicolae
Argyro Nisantzi
Kevin Ohneiser
Nikolaos Papagiannopoulos
Alexandros Papayannis
Gelsomina Pappalardo
Maria Rita Perrone
Christophe Pietras
Aleksander Pietruczuk
Thierry Podvin
Jens Reichardt
Salvatore Romano
Albert A. Ruth
Alessia Sannino
Yoav Y. Schechner
Michaël Sicard
Annett Skupin
Ourania Soupiona
Iwona S. Stachlewska
Artur Szkop
Boyan Tatarov
Thomas Trickl
Igor Veselovskii
Hannes Vogelmann
Ulla Wandinger
Dongxiang Wang
Xuan Wang
Publication date
1 January 2019
Publisher
'Copernicus GmbH'
Doi
Cite
Abstract
© Author(s) 2019. This open access work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).Six months of stratospheric aerosol observations with the European Aerosol Research Lidar Network (EARLINET) from August 2017 to January 2018 are presented. The decay phase of an unprecedented, record-breaking stratospheric perturbation caused by wildfire smoke is reported and discussed in terms of geometrical, optical, and microphysical aerosol properties. Enormous amounts of smoke were injected into the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere over fire areas in western Canada on 12 August 2017 during strong thunderstorm-pyrocumulonimbus activity. The stratospheric fire plumes spread over the entire Northern Hemisphere in the following weeks and months. Twenty-eight European lidar stations from northern Norway to southern Portugal and the eastern Mediterranean monitored the strong stratospheric perturbation on a continental scale. The main smoke layer (over central, western, southern, and eastern Europe) was found at heights between 15 and 20 km since September 2017 (about 2 weeks after entering the stratosphere). Thin layers of smoke were detected at heights of up to 22-23 km. The stratospheric aerosol optical thickness at 532 nm decreased from values > 0.25 on 21-23 August 2017 to 0.005-0.03 until 5-10 September and was mainly 0.003-0.004 from October to December 2017 and thus was still significantly above the stratospheric background (0.001-0.002). Stratospheric particle extinction coefficients (532 nm) were as high as 50-200 Mm-1 until the beginning of September and on the order of 1 Mm-1 (0.5- 5 Mm-1) from October 2017 until the end of January 2018. The corresponding layer mean particle mass concentration was on the order of 0.05-0.5 μg m-3 over these months. Soot particles (light-absorbing carbonaceous particles) are efficient ice-nucleating particles (INPs) at upper tropospheric (cirrus) temperatures and available to influence cirrus formation when entering the tropopause from above. We estimated INP concentrations of 50-500 L-1 until the first days in September and afterwards 5-50 L-1 until the end of the year 2017 in the lower stratosphere for typical cirrus formation temperatures of -55 ?C and an ice supersaturation level of 1.15. The measured profiles of the particle linear depolarization ratio indicated a predominance of nonspherical smoke particles. The 532 nm depolarization ratio decreased slowly with time in the main smoke layer from values of 0.15-0.25 (August-September) to values of 0.05-0.10 (October-November) and < 0.05 (December-January). The decrease of the depolarization ratio is consistent with aging of the smoke particles, growing of a coating around the solid black carbon core (aggregates), and thus change of the shape towards a spherical form. We found ascending aerosol layer features over the most southern European stations, especially over the eastern Mediterranean at 32-35? N, that ascended from heights of about 18-19 to 22-23 km from the beginning of October to the beginning of December 2017 (about 2 km per month). We discuss several transport and lifting mechanisms that may have had an impact on the found aerosol layering structures.Peer reviewe
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