Copyright: © 2017 Haider A, et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.The paper proposes a novel car ignition system to replace the traditional wired technology and enhance vehicle security. This new system uses wireless transmissions to start the engine and hence eliminates the ignition wire behind the dashboard. It also allows the user to set a password of his/her choice to keep the system protected. A theft alarm that goes ‘’ON’’ when an unusual activity is sensed and/or when the wrong password is attempted to unlock the system is integrated in the system. Moreover, important factors such as economic feasibility, adaptability to the new vehicle technologies and customers’ preferences have been taken into consideration in the design of the proposed vehicle security system.Peer reviewedFinal Published versio

A. Artigas

A. Serpa Neto

B. Dixon

C. Putensen

CSV Barbas

G. Hermans

GH. Mills

H. Wrigge

I. Martin-Loeches

J. Canet

JM. Binnekade

M. Gama de  Abreu

MF Vidal Melo

MJ Schultz.

MW. Hollmann

P. Pelosi

P. Servegnini

R. Smith

RM Determann

S. Jaber

SNT Hemmes

TA. Treschan

Advances in Automobile Engineering

Background: Use of lower tidal volumes during mechanical ventilation is associated with reduced morbidity and
mortality of Intensive Care Unit (ICU) patients with the Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS). Use of lower tidal
volumes could also protect ICU patients without ARDS. While use of higher tidal volumes is strongly discouraged in
ARDS patients, guidelines do not yet recommend on tidal volume size in patients not suffering from this complication,
resulting in unwanted variable mechanical ventilation settings amongst ICU patients.
Purpose: The present study aims to determine ventilation characteristics, including tidal volume size in intubated
and mechanically ventilated patients in ICUs in Europe, Australia and the Americas. Ventilation characteristics and
outcomes are compared among patients without ARDS, patients at risk for ARDS and patients with mild, moderate or
severe ARDS.
Methods: The ‘PRatice of VENTilation in critically ill patients without ARDS’ study (PRoVENT) is an international
multicenter observational study in critically ill intubated and ventilated ICU patients by the PROVENet (PROtective
VENtilation Network) investigators (http://www.provenet.eu/). At least 1,000 patients under invasive mechanical
ventilation are included in a time window of 7 days, and followed up to the end of stay in ICU. The primary endpoint is
the variability of tidal volume size in ventilated patients in ICUs in Europe, Australia and the Americas.
Conclusion: PRoVENT is designed to investigate and compare tidal volume settings in patients without ARDS,
patients at risk for ARDS, and patients with mild, moderate or severe ARDS, and to determine the impact of tidal
volume size on important clinical endpoints, in particular patients without ARDS. PRoVENT shall provide information on
ventilator settings that could be used in future trials of ventilation, especially in ICU patients without or at risk for ARD

Ary Serpa Neto

Carmen SV Barbas

Antonio Artigas Raventós

Jaume Canet

Rogier M. Determann

Barry Dixon

Greet Hermans

Samir Jaber

Ignacio Martin Loeches

Christian Putensen

Roger Smith

Markus W. Hollmann

Gary H. Mills

Marcos F. Vidal Melo

Tanja A. Treschan

Hermann Wrigge

Jan M. Binnekade

Sabrine NT Hemmes

Marcelo Gama de Abreu

Paolo Pelosi

Marcus J. Schultz

SEVERGNINI, PAOLO

Archivio istituzionale della ricerca - Università dell'Insubria

Rationale and Study Design of Provent-An International Multicenter
Observational Study on Practice of Ventilation in Critically Ill Patients
without ARDS

Abdul Wahab, Azantee Yazmie

Md Isa, Muhammad Lokman

The International Islamic University Malaysia Repository

The future of azoospermic patients: In vitro spermatogenesis

Aim of the study is to examine the mediator roles of posttraumatic cognitions and
perceived social support between the trauma type (human-induced vs. nature-induced)
and posttraumatic stress symptoms. The study was conducted with the participation of
216 female (70%), 91 male (30%) university students (307 in total) who were above 18
and has at least one traumatic experience.
“Demographic Information Form”, Turkish forms of “The Posttraumatic Diagnostic
Scale”, “Posttraumatic Cognitions Inventory” and “The Multidimensional Scale of
Perceived Social Support” were conducted for data gathering.
The relation between the variables was analyzed by correlation analysis. MANOVA was
carried out to investigate the differences of the variables according to trauma type and
lastly mediator analysis was conducted.
In this study, posttraumatic cognitions refer to negative cognitions include negative
cognitions about self, negative cognitions about world and self-blame subgroups.
According to results, there is a positive relationship between posttraumatic stress
symptoms and posttraumatic cognitions, but negative relationship exists between
posttraumatic stress symptoms and perceived social support and between posttraumatic
cognitions and perceived social support. After the MANOVA analysis, it is shown that
trauma type has no effect on posttraumatic stress symptoms and perceived social support
but effect of trauma type on posttraumatic cognitions are statistically significant which
means that effect of human-induced trauma on posttraumatic cognitions is higher than
nature-induced traumatic events. There is no significant relation between trauma type and
posttraumatic stress symptoms but as Hayes (2009) recommended, mediator analysis was
conducted. Results showed that the posttraumatic cognitions variable has an indirect
effect on the relation between human-induced traumas and posttraumatic stress
symptoms. Also, if the trauma type is human-induced trauma, then the traumatic
experience affects the posttraumatic cognitions which later affect the perceived social
support. But it is shown that the perceived social support has not a mediator effect and
total effect of trauma type on posttraumatic stress symptoms is not significant.
Results were discussed according to related literature. Trauma type may be an important
variable while studying posttraumatic cognitions. Also, effect path of the trauma type on
perceived social support was also shown in this study.İÇİNDEKİLER
KABUL VE ONAY ......................................................................................................... i
YAYIMLAMA VE FİKRİ MÜLKİYET HAKLARI BEYANI................................. ii
ETİK BEYAN ................................................................................................................. iii
TEŞEKKÜR ................................................................................................................... iv
ÖZET ............................................................................................................................... v
ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................. vii
İÇİNDEKİLER ............................................................................................................. ix
TABLOLAR DİZİNİ ................................................................................................... xii
ŞEKİLLER DİZİNİ .................................................................................................... xiii
GİRİŞ .............................................................................................................................. 1
1.BÖLÜM: KURAMSAL ÇERÇEVE ......................................................................... 3
1.1. TRAVMATİK YAŞANTI ............................................................................ 3
1.1.1. Travmatik Yaşantı Türleri ............................................................... 5
1.2. AKUT STRES BOZUKLUĞU VE TRAVMA SONRASI STRES
BOZUKLUĞU ..................................................................................................... 6
1.2.1. Travma Türü ve Travma Sonrası Stres Belirtileri ......................... 7
1.3. TRAVMA SONRASI BİLİŞLER ............................................................... 8
1.3.1. Travma Sonrası Bilişler ve Travma Sonrası Stres Belirtileri ....... 11
1.4. SOSYAL DESTEK ..................................................................................... 12
1.4.1. Algılanan Sosyal Destek ................................................................ 13
1.4.2. Algılanan Sosyal Destek ve Travma Sonrası Stres Belirtileri ....... 13
1.5. ARAŞTIRMANIN ÖNEMİ VE AMACI ................................................. 15
2. BÖLÜM: YÖNTEM ................................................................................................. 17
2.1. ÖRNEKLEM .............................................................................................. 18
2.2. VERİ TOPLAMA ARAÇLARI ................................................................ 18
2.2.1. Demografik Bilgi Formu ............................................................... 19
2.2.2. Travma Sonrası Stres Tanı Ölçeği ................................................. 19
2.2.3. Travma Sonrası Bilişler Envanteri ................................................ 20
2.2.4. Çok Boyutlu Algılanan Sosyal Destek Ölçeği’nin Gözden
Geçirilmiş Formu ..................................................................................... 21
2.3. İŞLEM ......................................................................................................... 21
2.4. VERİLERİN ANALİZİ ............................................................................. 22
3. BÖLÜM: BULGULAR ............................................................................................. 23
3.1. DEĞİŞKENLERİN BETİMLEYİCİ ANALİZ SONUÇLARI .............. 23
3.2. DEĞİŞKENLER ARASI İLİŞKİLERİN İNCELENMESİ ................... 25
3.3. TRAVMA SONRASI STRES BELİRTİLERİ DÜZEYİNİN, TRAVMA
SONRASI BİLİŞLERİN VE ALGILANAN SOSYAL DESTEĞİN
TRAVMA TÜRÜNE GÖRE KARŞILAŞTIRILMASI (MANOVA) ........... 25
3.3.1. Değişkenlerin Travma Türüne Göre Karşılaştırılması .................. 26
3.3.2. Travma Sonrası Bilişler Alt Boyutları ile Travma Türü Arasındaki
Farklar ...................................................................................................... 27
3.4. TRAVMA TÜRÜ İLE TRAVMA SONRASI STRES BELİRTİLERİ
ARASINDAKİ İLİŞKİNİN TRAVMA SONRASI BİLİŞLER VE
ALGILANAN SOSYAL DESTEK ARACI ROLÜ AÇISINDAN
İNCELENMESİ (PROCESS UYGULAMASI) .............................................. 27
3.4.1. Travma Türünün Travma Sonrası Bilişler ve Algılanan Sosyal
Destek Aracılığıyla Travma Sonrası Stres Düzeyini Yordamasına İlişkin
Bulgular ................................................................................................... 29
4. BÖLÜM: TARTIŞMA ............................................................................................. 34
4.1. DEĞİŞKENLER ARASI İLİŞKİLERİN İNCELENMESİNE İLİŞKİN
BULGULAR ..................................................................................................... 34
4.2. TRAVMA SONRASI STRES BELİRTİLERİ DÜZEYİNİN, TRAVMA
SONRASI BİLİŞLERİN VE ALGILANAN SOSYAL DESTEĞİN
TRAVMA TÜRÜNE GÖRE KARŞILAŞTIRILMASINA İLİŞKİN
BULGULAR ..................................................................................................... 36
4.3. TRAVMA TÜRÜ VE TRAVMA SONRASI STRES BELİRTİLERİ
İLİŞKİSİNDE TRAVMA SONRASI BİLİŞLER VE ALGILANAN
SOSYAL DESTEK DEĞİŞKENLERİNİN ARACI ROLÜNE İLİŞKİN
BULGULAR ..................................................................................................... 38
4.4. ARAŞTIRMANIN ÖNEMİ ...................................................................... 41
4.5. ARAŞTIRMANIN SINIRLILIKLARI VE ÖNERİLER ...................... 42
SONUÇ ........................................................................................................................... 43
KAYNAKÇA ................................................................................................................. 45
EK 1. AYDINLATILMIŞ ONAM FORMU .............................................................. 59
EK 2. DEMOGRAFİK BİLGİ FORMU .................................................................... 60
EK 3. TRAVMA SONRASI STRES TANI ÖLÇEĞİ (TSSTÖ) ............................... 61
EK 4. TRAVMA SONRASI BİLİŞLER ENVANTERİ (TSBE) .............................. 66
EK 5. ÇOK BOYUTLU ALGILANAN SOSYAL DESTEK ÖLÇEĞİ’NİN
GÖZDEN GEÇİRİLMİŞ FORMU (ÇBASDÖ) ......................................................... 68
EK 6. ETİK KURUL İZNİ .......................................................................................... 70
EK 7. ORİJİNALLİK RAPORU ................................................................................ 71Bu çalışmada travma türü (insan ve doğa kaynaklı) ve travma sonrası stres belirtileri
ilişkisinde travma sonrası bilişler ve algılanan sosyal desteğin aracı rolünün gösterilmesi
hedeflenmiştir. Araştırma, geçmişte en az bir travmatik yaşantısı olan, 18 yaş ve üzeri,
216’sı kadın (%70), 91’i erkek (%30) olmak üzere 307 üniversite öğrencisi ile
yürütülmüştür.
Çalışmada katılımcılara “Demografik Bilgi Formu”, “Travma Sonrası Stres Tanı Ölçeği
(TSSTÖ)”, “Travma Sonrası Bilişler Envanteri (TSBE)” ve “Çok Boyutlu Algılanan
Sosyal Destek Ölçeği’nin Gözden Geçirilmiş Formu (ÇBASDÖ)” uygulanmıştır.
Değişkenler arası ilişkiyi incelemek için korelasyon analizi uygulanmıştır. Ayrıca
değişkenlerin travma türüne (insan kaynaklı ve doğa kaynaklı) göre incelenmesi amacıyla
MANOVA uygulanmış ve değişkenlerin aracı etkisi, aracı değişken analizi (PROCESS)
ile çalışılmıştır.
Çalışma boyunca travma sonrası bilişler travmatik yaşantı sonrası sahip olunan olumsuz
düşünceleri ifade etmektedir. Analiz sonuçlarına göre, travma sonrası stres belirtileri ve
travma sonrası olumsuz bilişler arasında pozitif yönde bir ilişki varken, travma sonrası
stres belirtileri ve algılanan sosyal destek arasındaki ilişki negatif yöndedir. Benzer
şekilde travma sonrası olumsuz bilişler ve algılanan sosyal destek arasındaki ilişki de
negatif yöndedir. Değişkenler travma türüne göre incelendiğinde, travma sonrası stres
belirtileri ve algılanan sosyal desteğin travma türüne göre farklılaşmadığı görülmüştür.
Bununla birlikte, travma türünün travma sonrası olumsuz bilişlere etkisi anlamlıdır ve
insan kaynaklı travmatik yaşantılarda travma sonrası olumsuz bilişler (benlik hakkında
bilişler ve kendini suçlama alt boyutları) daha yüksektir. Travma türü ve travma sonrası
stres belirtileri arasında, yani bağımsız ve bağımlı değişkenler arasında, anlamlı ilişki
çıkmamıştır fakat Hayes (2009)’in önerdiği gibi aracı değişken analizi uygulanmıştır.
Buna göre, insan kaynaklı travmatik yaşantı ve travma sonrası stres belirtileri ilişkisine
travma sonrası olumsuz bilişlerin dolaylı bir etkisi olduğu söylenebilir. İnsan kaynaklı
travma yaşamak travma sonrası olumsuz bilişleri etkilemekte ve travma sonrası olumsuz
bilişler de algılanan sosyal desteği etkilemektedir. Fakat algılanan sosyal desteğin aracı
rolü gösterilememiştir ve travma türünün travma sonrası stres belirtilerine olan toplam
etkisi de anlamlı değildir.
Bulgular ilgili alanyazın ışığında tartışılmıştır. Travma türünün travma sonrası bilişler
açısından önemli bir değişken olabileceği düşünülmüştür. Ayrıca insan kaynaklı
travmatik yaşantıların algılanan sosyal desteği etkileyiş yolu da bu çalışmada
gösterilmiştir

Ateş, Zeynep

Hacettepe University Institutional Repository

Üniversite Öğrencilerinde Travmatik Yaşantı Türü ve Travma Sonrası Stres Belirtileri İlişkisinde Travma Sonrası Bilişler ve Algılanan Sosyal Desteğin Aracı Rolünün İncelenmesi

FEDELE, ERNESTO

REBOSIO, CLAUDIA

PRONZATO, MARIA ADELAIDE

RICCIARELLI, ROBERTA

Archivio istituzionale della ricerca - Università di Genova

Volume 5 • Issue 2 • 1000e147J Biomol Res TherISSN: 2167-7956 JBMRT, an open access journal Open AccessEditorialBiomolecular Research & Therapeutics Journal of Biomolecular Research & TherapeuticsISSN: 2167-7956Fedele et al., J Biomol Res Ther 2016, 5:2http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2167-7956.1000e147Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is certainly the most devastating and common form of dementia afflicting more than 40 million people worldwide today, with an expected escalation up to 130 million by 2050. The early sign of dementia is represented by the difficulty in remembering recent events but more symptoms emerge as AD inexorably progresses, including confusion, disorientation, severe memory loss and cognitive alterations, mood and behavioural changes, difficulties in reading, writing, speaking, swallowing and walking. These increasing disabilities dramatically affect the daily life of patients but also of their relatives, and have a highly relevant socioeconomic impact, taking into account direct, indirect and intangible costs [1].Certainly, in the last 30 years a milestone of AD research has been the discovery of the amyloid β peptide (Aβ) that, since then, has been considered the main cause of the pathology. Thus, the “amyloid hypothesis” soon became the prevailing theoretical model of AD pathophysiology that is still driving the development of pharmacological treatments.Aβ peptides originate from the cleavage of a transmembrane precursor protein called APP (Amyloid Precursor Protein) that is first processed by a β-secretase (BACE, beta-site APP-cleaving enzyme) and then by a γ-secretase. Among the different fragments produced by this processing, Aβ1−42 is more self-aggregating than Aβ1−40 that, on the other hand, has been shown to prevent Aβ1−42 deposition [2]. At present, it is quite clear that neurotoxicity is not initiated by aggregation of amyloid peptides into senile plaques, as originally thought, but rather by formation of soluble β-amyloid dimers/oligomers that have been shown to impair long-term potentiation (LTP), to enhance long-term depression (LTD), to alter synaptic structures and, consequently, to deteriorate memory [3]. Indeed, it has been hypothesized that Aβ plaques could represent a defence mechanism to sequester soluble synaptotoxic Aβ species [4]. In line with this view, amyloid plaque cores, directly isolated from AD patients, are not able to affect LTP that, on the contrary, is impaired by soluble oligomers released from plaques using strong denaturants [3]. Interestingly, a recent study has found that the oligomer/plaque ratio was significantly higher in mildly demented patients than in non-demented control subjects with the same amyloid plaque burden [5]. Although Aβ1−40 and Aβ1−42 are the most common forms, increasing evidence demonstrate that there are far more peptide species that accumulate in AD brains (e.g. Aβ1−37,38,43,56, AβpE), which can be modified over time and that could play a pathogenic role in the development of the disease [6]. To further complicate Aβ peptide heterogeneity, it has been recently shown that novel, N-terminally extended Aβ− containing monomers (NTE-Aβ), produced in cells expressing mutant human APP, can impair hippocampal LTP in vivo [7]. These fragments are distinct from classical Aβ1−40/42 oligomers and, unexpectedly, their levels increase upon inhibition of β-secretase, suggesting that they could originate from a protease cleavage different from that of BACE. As for the mechanisms through which Aβ can exert its toxic effects, several lines of evidence have identified a plethora of proteins which monomers, dimers and oligomers can bind to, such as α7-nAChR, NMDA receptor, RAGE, insulin receptor, PrPc and others [8,9]. However, the role of many of these proteins is still a matter of controversy and the use of different, often poorly characterized, Aβ oligomers to target them in different in vitro or in vivo models has led to a rather confusing scenario. In any case, although we have certainly increased our knowledge on APP processing and Aβ toxicity, it has become evident that the amyloid hypothesis is not sufficient to explain the pathophysiology of AD, the living proof being the almost complete failure of clinical trials aimed at reducing the brain levels of this peptide in AD patients. But should we really aim at clearing Aβ from the brain? Over the last decade or so, a growing body of data has provided incontrovertible evidence for a key role of this peptide in the biological functions of the brain. First of all, it has to be borne in mind that Aβ is present not only in the brain of AD patients but also in healthy individuals and it is produced physiologically at low (picomolar) concentrations throughout lifetime.One of the first evidence suggesting that Aβ could participate in normal central functions came from studies on APP knockout mice, which showed memory deficits in the conditioned avoidance test and in the Morris water maze. In addition, hippocampal LTP in these animals was significantly impaired and was associated with abnormal neuronal morphology [10,11]. Similar results were successively obtained in BACE KO mice [12]. However, the decisive evidence of Aβ  involvement in memory formation has been provided by the finding that clearing the peptide from the hippocampus, using selective antibodies, resulted in the impairment of LTP that led to contextual fear and reference memory deficits; moreover, all these antibody-induced alterations were indeed rescued by the addition of exogenous Aβ1−42 [13]. In this context, we have recently demonstrated that APP expression and Aβ production are controlled by the second messenger cAMP through activation of PKA, and that endogenous Aβ is necessary for cAMP-mediated expression of LTP [14,15].Also in this case, Aβ classical fragments do not seem the only species able to modulate memory formation. In fact, it has been recently reported that a monomeric N-terminal Aβ1−15 fragment, present in the *Corresponding author: Ernesto Fedele, Associate Professor of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Genoa, Viale Cembrano 4, 16148 Genova, Italy, Tel: +39-010-3532659; Fax: +39 0103993360; E-mail: fedele@difar.unige.it Received April 18, 2016; Accepted April 19, 2016; Published April 22, 2016Citation: Fedele E, Rebosio C, Pronzato MA, Ricciarelli R (2016) Amyloid Beta and the Brain: Where Are We Now? J Biomol Res Ther 5: e147. doi:10.4172/2167-7956.1000e147Copyright: © 2016 Fedele E, et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.Amyloid Beta and the Brain: Where Are We Now?Ernesto Fedele1*, Claudia Rebosio1, Maria Adelaide Pronzato2 and Roberta Ricciarelli21Department of Pharmacy, Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Genoa, Italy2Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of General Pathology, University of Genoa, ItalyCitation: Fedele E, Rebosio C, Pronzato MA, Ricciarelli R (2016) Amyloid Beta and the Brain: Where Are We Now? J Biomol Res Ther 5: e147. doi:10.4172/2167-7956.1000e147Page 2 of 2Volume 5 • Issue 2 • 1000e147J Biomol Res TherISSN: 2167-7956 JBMRT, an open access journal CSF of healthy individuals as well as of AD patients, is able to potently enhance hippocampal LTP (50 fM) and to improve memory in the contextual fear conditioning paradigm [16]. Intriguingly enough, the hippocampal LTP impairment caused by high concentrations of exogenous Aβ1−42 (slices from wild type mice) or by endogenous Aβ (slices from APPSWE transgenic mice) was rescued by pre-treatment with Aβ1−15.Apart from memory formation, Aβ has been shown to play also critical roles in neuronal survival, since its reduction by β- or γ-secretase inhibitors, as well as its immunodepletion, caused neuronal death in cortical cultures that could be prevented by addition of physiological concentrations of Aβ [17]. At variance with this result, however, APP KO mice showed marked reactive gliosis, loss of presynaptic and dendritic markers, but not neuronal death [10], probably because of compensatory mechanisms operating during development.It has also been proposed that Aβ is involved in the physiological control of neuronal activity by depressing synaptic functions through a negative feedback mechanism, once increased synaptic activity enhances the production of Aβ itself [18].Finally, up regulation of Aβ production could also represent a protective cellular response to oxidative stress, as it can sequester metal ions and can act as an antioxidant scavenging free radicals [19].Thus, although an enormous progress has been done in elucidating the various pathological aspects of APP processing and Aβ formation, we have just commenced to unravel the physiological roles of this peptide in the brain. Such aspect is of fundamental importance if we intend to understand Alzheimer’s disease and develop successful therapeutic interventions.References1. Winblad B, Amouyel P, Andrieu S, Ballard C, Brayne C, et al. (2016) Defeating Alzheimer’s disease and other dementias: a priority for European science and society. Lancet Neurol 15: 455-532.2. Kim J, Onstead L, Randle S, Price R, Smithson L, et al. (2007) Aβ-40 inhibits amyloid deposition in vivo. J Neurosci 27: 627-633.3. Shankar GM, Li S, Mehta TH, Garcia-Munoz A, Shepardson NE, et al. (2008) Amyloid-beta protein dimers isolated directly from Alzheimer’s brains impair synaptic plasticity and memory. Nat Med 14: 837-842.4. Robinson SR, Bishop GM (2002) Abeta as a bioflocculant: implications for the amyloid hypothesis of Alzheimer’s disease. Aging 23: 1051-1072.5. Esparza TJ, Zhao H, Cirrito JR, Cairns NJ, Bateman RJ, et al. (2013) Amyloid-β oligomerization in Alzheimer dementia versus high-pathology controls. Ann Neurol 73: 104-119.6. Forloni G, Artuso V, La Vitola P, Balducci C (2016) Oligomeropathies and pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases. Mov Dis.7. Welzel AT, Maggio JE, Shankar GM, Walker DE, Ostaszewski BL, et al. (2014) Secreted amyloid β-proteins in a cell culture model include N-terminally extended peptides that impair synaptic plasticity. Biochemistry 53: 3908-3921.8. Govoni S, Mura E, Preda S, Racchi M, Lanni C, et al. (2014) Dangerous liaisons between beta-amyloid and cholinergic neurotransmission. Curr Pharm Des 20: 2525-2538.9. Jarosz-Griffiths HH, Noble E, Rushwoth JV, Hooper NM (2016) Amyloid-β receptors: the good, the bad and the prion protein. J Biol Chem 291: 3174-3183.10. Dawson GR, Seabrook GR, Zheng H, Smith DW, Graham S, et al. (1999) Age-related cognitive deficits, impaired long-term potentiation and reduction in synaptic marker density in mice lacking the β-amyloid precursor protein. Neuroscience 90: 1-13.11. Seabrook GR, Smith DW, Bowery BJ, Easter A, Reynolds T, et al. (1999) Mechanisms contributing to the deficits in hippocampal synaptic plasticity in mice lacking amyloid precursor protein. Neuropharmacology 38: 349-359.12. Laird FM, Cai H, Savonenko AV, Farah MH, He K, et al. (2005) BACE1, a major determinant of selective vulnerability of the brain to amyloid-beta amyloidogenesis, is essential for cognitive, emotional, and synaptic functions. J Neurosci 25: 11693-11709.13. Puzzo D, Privitera L, Fa’ M, Staniszewski A, Hashimoto G, et al. (2011) Endogenous amyloid-β is necessary for hippocampal synaptic plasticity and memory. Ann Neurol 69: 819-830.14. Canepa E, Domenicotti C, Marengo B, Passalacqua M, Marinari UM, et al. (2013) Cyclic adenosine monophosphate as an endogenous modulator of the amyloid-β precursor protein metabolism. IUBMB Life 65: 127-133.15. Ricciarelli R, Puzzo D, Bruno O, Canepa E, Gardella E, et al. (2014) A novel mechanism for cyclic adenosine monophosphate-mediated memory formation: Role of amyloid beta. Ann Neurol 75: 602-607.16. Lawrence JL, Tong M, Alfulaij N, Sherrin T, Contarino M, et al. (2014) Regulation of presynaptic Ca2+, synaptic plasticity and contextual fear conditioning by a N-terminal β-amyloid fragment. J Neurosci 34: 14210-14218.17. Plant LD, Boyle JP, Smith IF, Peers C, Pearson HA (2003) The production of amyloid beta peptide is a critical requirement for the viability of central neurons. J Neurosci 23: 5531-5535.18. Kamenetz F, Tomita T, Hsieh H, Seabrook G, Borchelt D, et al. (2003) APP processing and synaptic function. Neuron 37: 925-937.19. Nadal RC, Rigby SE, Viles JH (2008) Amyloid beta-Cu2+ complexes in both monomeric and fibrillar forms do not generate H2O2 catalytically but quench hydroxyl radicals. Biochemistry 47: 11653-11664.OMICS International: Publication Benefits & Features Unique features:•	 Increased	global	visibility	of	articles	through	worldwide	distribution	and	indexing•	 Showcasing	recent	research	output	in	a	timely	and	updated	manner•	 Special	issues	on	the	current	trends	of	scientific	researchSpecial features:•	 700	Open	Access	Journals•	 50,000	Editorial	team•	 Rapid	review	process•	 Quality	and	quick	editorial,	review	and	publication	processing•	 Indexing	at	PubMed	(partial),	Scopus,	EBSCO,	Index	Copernicus,	Google	Scholar	etc.•	 Sharing	Option:	Social	Networking	Enabled•	 Authors,	Reviewers	and	Editors	rewarded	with	online	Scientific	Credits•	 Better	discount	for	your	subsequent	articlesSubmit	your	manuscript	at:	http://www.omicsgroup.org/journals/submissionCitation: Fedele E, Rebosio C, Pronzato MA, Ricciarelli R (2016) Amyloid Beta and the Brain: Where Are We Now? J Biomol Res Ther 5: e147. doi:10.4172/2167-7956.1000e147

English

Amyloid Beta and the Brain: Where Are We Now?

Fish species, surface water, bottom water, epipellic and benthic sediments were collected from Oworonshoki,

Lagos lagoon, to determine their trace metal levels using atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The fish species

collected were Tilapia guineensis, Chrysichthys nigrodigitatus, Liza grandisquamis and Psettias sebae. The results

indicated that the highest concentrations of trace metals were present in the fish species, followed by benthic

sediments, epipellic sediments, bottom water, and surface water. Levels of trace metals found in males and females

of fish species showed significant differences. The female species, except Tilapia guineensis, accumulated higher

Fe and Zn values. The female species of Psettias sebae was a good bio-indicator of trace metal contamination in

the lagoon. Cd and Ni were not detected in any of the fish species. Pb levels in the fishes were above the maximum

acceptable limit for human consumption, and could have been sourced from the discharge of industrial wastes into

the lagoon. The levels of Fe and Zn in the water, sediment and fishes were all within acceptable limits. The highest

condition factor of 2.76 was observed in the female of Chrysichthys nigrodigitatus, while the female, Psettias sebae,

had the least condition factor of 0.57, correlating with its high metal contamination

Williams, Akan B.

Edobor-Osoh, A.

Covenant University Repository

Assessment of Trace Metal Levels in Fish Species of Lagos Lagoon

Abstract
Background: Use of lower tidal volumes during mechanical ventilation is associated with reduced morbidity and
mortality of Intensive Care Unit (ICU) patients with the Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS). Use of lower tidal
volumes could also protect ICU patients without ARDS. While use of higher tidal volumes is strongly discouraged in
ARDS patients, guidelines do not yet recommend on tidal volume size in patients not suffering from this complication,
resulting in unwanted variable mechanical ventilation settings amongst ICU patients.
Purpose: The present study aims to determine ventilation characteristics, including tidal volume size in intubated
and mechanically ventilated patients in ICUs in Europe, Australia and the Americas. Ventilation characteristics and
outcomes are compared among patients without ARDS, patients at risk for ARDS and patients with mild, moderate or
severe ARDS.
Methods: The ‘PRatice of VENTilation in critically ill patients without ARDS’ study (PRoVENT) is an international
multicenter observational study in critically ill intubated and ventilated ICU patients by the PROVENet (PROtective
VENtilation Network) investigators (http://www.provenet.eu/). At least 1,000 patients under invasive mechanical
ventilation are included in a time window of 7 days, and followed up to the end of stay in ICU. The primary endpoint is
the variability of tidal volume size in ventilated patients in ICUs in Europe, Australia and the Americas.
Conclusion: PRoVENT is designed to investigate and compare tidal volume settings in patients without ARDS,
patients at risk for ARDS, and patients with mild, moderate or severe ARDS, and to determine the impact of tidal
volume size on important clinical endpoints, in particular patients without ARDS. PRoVENT shall provide information on
ventilator settings that could be used in future trials of ventilation, especially in ICU patients without or at risk for ARD

I. Martin Loeches

M.W. Hollmann

G.H. Mills

T.A. Treschan

J.M. Binnekade

M. Gama de Abreu

MJ Schultz

PELOSI, PAOLO PASQUALINO

Copyright: © 2017 Haider A, et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.The paper proposes a novel car ignition system to replace the traditional wired technology and enhance vehicle security. This new system uses wireless transmissions to start the engine and hence eliminates the ignition wire behind the dashboard. It also allows the user to set a password of his/her choice to keep the system protected. A theft alarm that goes ‘’ON’’ when an unusual activity is sensed and/or when the wrong password is attempted to unlock the system is integrated in the system. Moreover, important factors such as economic feasibility, adaptability to the new vehicle technologies and customers’ preferences have been taken into consideration in the design of the proposed vehicle security system.Peer reviewe

Haider, Arslan

Khan, Aamer Hayat

Denai, Mouloud

University of Hertfordshire Research Archive

Research ArchiveCitation for published version:Haider A., Anwer A., Khan H., and Denai M., ‘A Smart Wireless Car Ignition System For Vehicle Security’, Advances in Automobile Engineering, Vol. 6 (3), September 2017.DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2167- 7670.1000169Document Version:This is the Published Version.Copyright and Reuse: © 2017 The Author(s).This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence CC BY 4.0, (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.  EnquiriesIf you believe this document infringes copyright, please contact the Research & Scholarly Communications Team at rsc@herts.ac.ukVolume 6 • Issue 3 • 1000169Adv Automob Engg, an open access journalISSN: 2167-7670OMICS InternationalResearch ArticleAdvances in Automobile EngineeringAdvances in Automobile EngineeringISSN: 2167-7670Haider et al., Adv Automob Eng 2017, 6:3DOI: 10.4172/2167-7670.1000169*Corresponding author: Mouloud Denai, Department of Engineering and Technology, Mouloud Denai, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, UK, Tel: +44 (0)1707 284800; E-mail: m.denai@herts.ac.ukReceived August 07, 2017; Accepted September 15, 2017;  Published September 19, 2017Citation: Haider A, Anwer A, Khan H, Denai M (2017) A Smart Wireless Car Ignition System for Vehicle Security. Adv Automob Eng 6: 169. doi: 10.4172/2167-7670.1000169Copyright: © 2017 Haider A, et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.AbstractThe paper proposes a novel car ignition system to replace the traditional wired technology and enhance vehicle security. This new system uses wireless transmissions to start the engine and hence eliminates the ignition wire behind the dashboard. It also allows the user to set a password of his/her choice to keep the system protected. A theft alarm that goes ‘’ON’’ when an unusual activity is sensed and/or when the wrong password is attempted to unlock the system is integrated in the system. Moreover, important factors such as economic feasibility, adaptability to the new vehicle technologies and customers’ preferences have been taken into consideration in the design of the proposed vehicle security system.A Smart Wireless Car Ignition System for Vehicle SecurityArslan Haider, Aamer Anwer Hayat Khan and Mouloud Denai* Department of Engineering and Technology, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, UK Keywords: Ignition system; On-board diagnostics (OBD) port; Password; Security; Wireless; Arduino board; BluetoothIntroductionCar theft has become a source of concern in almost all parts of the world. This is, very often, the case of countries facing social crisis such as extreme poverty and unemployment. These problems give rise to further predicaments and robbery is one of them. According to the World Bank statistics, 71% of the world’s population live with an income of $10 dollar a day or less [1]. In Pakistan, around 21,000 cars are stolen every year, whose overall cost is estimated at 5 Billion (PKR) [2]. In India, about 44,000 vehicles have been stolen over the last three years. In 2013, an estimated number of 699,595 cars were stolen in USA [3]. Because of this escalating phenomenon, vehicle owners have expressed deep concern on how to protect their cars against this serious offense. Current popular anti-theft systems include vehicle tracking and alarming systems. These security systems generally involve usage of immobilizers, alarm systems, GPS and some basic steering wheel locks to prevent vehicles from being stolen. However, there are certain limitations and major security gaps that these technologies are not able to deal with and thus, theft and robbery of cars still occurs. The major reason behind this is the lack of up-gradation and adaptability of the security systems to the latest technologies that makes it easier for professional thieves to overcome. These robbers not only steal the car but also go a step ahead by re-selling the vehicles’ parts [4]. Moreover, greater costs are incurred in the purchase and maintenance of these systems. For example, GPS system often comes with a yearly monitoring fee. Yet despite spending huge money on these systems, car theft rate does not seem to be declining. Therefore, some circuit is required to protect the starting mechanism of the cars to make them safe.The authors propose an improved vehicle security solution to overcome all the problems stated above. It converts the wired ignition system to wireless with antitheft features. The remaining of the paper is organised in five sections. Section II, presents an overview of the proposed security ignition system. Section III presents the design and implementation techniques of the system. Section IV describes the optional features available to the users. Finally, the results and conclusions are presented in Section V and VI respectively.System OverviewThis system is designed to overcome most of car theft techniques and prevents the car from theft and damage. It has been observed that the car security system currently in the market is not efficient enough to prevent 100% theft. An extensive research has been carried out to determine the reason behind the escalating number of cars stolen [4]. The conclusion was that the major problem of theft is car ignition wire which is connected to the On-Board Diagnostics (OBD) Port of the car. If OBD Port of the car can be reset by numerous devices available in the market, hence the security of the car ignition system has the chances of being compromised. This is because car OBD works as “the brain” which controls all the functionalities of the car. Moreover, there are other reset systems available online that companies offer only for registered garages to fix their car problems but are also easily accessible by thieves who use them to steal cars. Therefore, in order to prevent this situation, a new system is introduced having ‘two brains’ in the car to control the mechanisms of the car and to provide double security to the car ignition. In this system, ignition wires are not controlled using OBD port but will have their own computer or brain. Another new concept of modular vehicles can also be included where there is not a single wire in the car and every component has its own circuit which will interact with the brain of the computer using wireless communication. In many cases, thieves just hotwire the old cars and steal them [5]. Similarly, in GSM tracking security systems, the alarm wire is pulled first followed by the usage of an anti-tracker device to block the GSM signals which then makes it easier for thieves to take away the car. Moreover, programmable laptops that reset the computer of immobilizers and electronic key security cars, which result in quick thefts, are also being used. While developing this project, all these system bugs and loopholes including economic benefit for the consumers have been considered in order to develop a better and much cheaper security system (Figure 1).This system will be incorporated in the car audio system or the LCD Citation: Haider A, Anwer A, Khan H, Denai M (2017) A Smart Wireless Car Ignition System for Vehicle Security. Adv Automob Eng 6: 169. doi: 10.4172/2167-7670.1000169Page 2 of 4Volume 6 • Issue 3 • 1000169Adv Automob Engg, an open access journalISSN: 2167-7670unit and will also act as another brain or primary side of the security system, without any interaction with the car OBD Port. And both sides have microcontroller within them (Figure 2).The ignition system of the car is converted to wireless with password feature so that it cannot be Hotwired. The signal-blocking device (Anti Tracker device) will prevent car thefts to a greater extent. Moreover, unlike immobilizers, it cannot be reset through any port. The car audio system is connected to the switch of the car through wires, which are then wirelessly connected to the engine, therefore completely abolishing the concept of hotwiring in the car (Figure 3).The user will have to apply the correct password in order to establish the wireless connection between the switch and an engine. This is done by moving the key in car’s switch followed by the transmission of a special signal from the primary to the secondary unit, which on matching the correct password, will allow the car to start. Both control units consist of bluetooth module for wireless transmission and both of these systems are placed safely behind the dashboard in a place where the intruder or thieves will have to use hard tools to access by cutting the body of the car which will result in excessive noise, risk, time and effort.System Design and Implementation By default, the spark ignition and the fuel pump circuits of a car are open [6]. Initially, the system starts working from the password. As the user sits in the car and moves the ignition key, a customized audio system asks for the password. The key switch is connected to the customized audio system of the car through wired connection, which further connected to 12 V power supply to turn ON the audio system upon moving of key. When the password is entered correctly, a wireless connection is established between the engine and primary side (car audio system). Then, if the user wants to start the car then he/she will have to turn the key again. However, the car will not get started if the wrong password is attempted. This security system basically focuses on the wireless ignition starting of a car. Therefore, there is no chance of any interruption between the established connections which also made it more secure. In this system, there is no ignition wire behind the speedometer or dashboard as in all cars. This system is designed in such a way that other customized features can also be added according to the consumers’ requirements. These features may include a GPS and GSM system, camera for face detection, usage of android technology for controlling the car through a mobile phone. However, such add-ons features will incur extra costs (Figure 4).DiscussionDemonstration and working of the systemThe purposed system has been successfully tested first on computer using Proteus Software for simulations and then on a vehicle. The primary side consist of key switch, arduino microcontroller, LCD, keypad and bluetooth module. The key switch is wired to the LCD Figure 1: Primary side (switch side). Figure 2: Secondary side (engine side).Figure 3: Block diagram.Figure 4: Comparison of traditional system with our system.Figure 5: Proteus diagram of the primary side.Citation: Haider A, Anwer A, Khan H, Denai M (2017) A Smart Wireless Car Ignition System for Vehicle Security. Adv Automob Eng 6: 169. doi: 10.4172/2167-7670.1000169Page 3 of 4Volume 6 • Issue 3 • 1000169Adv Automob Engg, an open access journalISSN: 2167-7670which is supplied from the 12 V car battery. A Proteus implementation of the primary and secondary side of the system are shown in Figures 5 and 6 respectively.The secondary side consist of Arduino microcontroller, relay system, alarm and the bluetooth. The relay further connected with ignition wires of the car (Figure 6).As the key is moved, the LCD system turns on and shows the display of entering password. As the correct password is being verified by the system, a connection is established between the two control units. This is the result of serial communication, which after receiving the correct password on the transmission, enables the receiver end to receive a “tb” to perform the function and in the same way different codes are fed in the system via programming so as to perform different functions.On every single step a different code is sent via Bluetooth and upon receiving the desired code, the receiver end performs the function accordingly (Figure 7).Once the password is successfully verified, the wireless connection is established. As the user moves the key further in switch, a code will be sent to the engine side circuit which triggers the relay circuit for controlling the car ignition and other things like AC and fan etc. and the alarm circuit. Now as the key is standing on second point of the switch so the AC and fan will be turned on. Moving the key further in the switch will send another code to the engine, which in turn switches on the car engine and starts the car. Moreover, the primary side microcontroller also checks the state of the key in the switch before sending the write code. Now to turn off the car, the user again moves the key backward. A code will then be sent from the audio system (primary side) and the engine will be turned off. However, the wireless connection will not be lost until the key is fully moved back. Once the key is fully turned backwards, the wireless connection is disabled and to start the car again, the process should be repeated. However, multiple wrong password attempts or intrusion into the system will be sensed and generate an alarm. The Primary control unit functions are carried out in the following sequence:1. The system asks for password on the given key position, when the key is moved in switch for the first time (Figure 8).2. The password is entered into the system. If the password is correct, a wireless connection will be established (Figure 9). 3. Upon receiving the correct password and moving the ignition key to the next position this causes the fan, AC and other car accessories to be turned on (Figure 10).4. Moving the Ignition key towards car ignition position will start the engine and the key is released as in the conventional starting mechanism (Figure 11).5. Now the car engine is on.Once the car is started, the system goes back to the previous stage by displaying that the car is “ON” and when a user switches the key backward towards “ACC” it will turn off the engine. All the starting mechanism of the car remains the same except the way the engine is started. Working result of the prototype can be seen on the link below https://www.dropbox.com/s/0psjbxx95hufhd3/Video%20editing.mp4?dl=0.Figure 6: Proteus diagram of the secondary side.Figure 7: Receiving code in serial communication. Figure 8: The primary control unit functions password on the given key position, when the key is moved in switch for the first time. Figure 9: The primary control unit functions password is correct; a wireless connection will be established. Figure 10: The primary control unit functions correct password and moving the ignition key to the next position this causes the fan, AC and other car accessories to be turned on.Citation: Haider A, Anwer A, Khan H, Denai M (2017) A Smart Wireless Car Ignition System for Vehicle Security. Adv Automob Eng 6: 169. doi: 10.4172/2167-7670.1000169Page 4 of 4Volume 6 • Issue 3 • 1000169Adv Automob Engg, an open access journalISSN: 2167-7670ConclusionIn this project, a novel security system for starting a vehicle is proposed. The system is based on wireless technology and uses a password-protected technique to enhance the car security and prevent automobile theft. The car wireless ignition security system has been successfully designed and tested. The system can be easily upgraded with GPS and GSM modules to determine the location of the car and turn Off and on its car engine with SMS. Furthermore, by using android technology and IoT, the car can be controlled through a smartphone. The proposed system will improve the security and reduce theft. Alternatively, to the password system, a face recognition system can be  Figure 11: The primary control unit functions Ignition key towards car ignition position will start the engine and the key is released as in the conventional starting mechanism.implemented. It will detect the face of the owner of the vehicle as soon as he moves the ignition key and all the remaining mechanism remains the same. In addition, if an unauthorized user sits in car, the camera captures his/her image and sends it to the owner using GSM Module through GPRS.References1. Luhby T (2015) 71% of the world’s population lives on less than $10 a day, New York, USA. 2. Nurul HS, Arun KB (2013) Vehicle monitoring and theft prevention system using ARM. Int J Adv Res Techno 2: 992-997.3. Omer AI (2013) Development of a microcontroller based security lock for a car engine. Proceedings of the Global Virtual Conference, ISBN: 978-80-554-0649-7.4. Kamkar S (2015) Drive it like you hacked it: New attacks and tools to wirelessly steal cars. Presentation at DEFCON, Las Vegas, USA.5. Koscher K, Czeskis A, Roesner F, Patel F, Kohno T, et al. (2010) Experimental security analysis of a modern automobile. In 31st IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy (S&P 2010), IEEE Computer Society. pp. 447-462.6. Garcia FD, Oswald D, Kasper T, Pavlidès P (2016) Lock it and still lose it-on the (In)security of automotive remote keyless entry systems, 25th USENIX Security Symposium, Austin, USA.Citation: Haider A, Anwer A, Khan H, Denai M (2017) A Smart Wireless Car Ignition System for Vehicle Security. Adv Automob Eng 6: 169. doi: 10.4172/2167-7670.1000169

A Smart Wireless Car Ignition System for Vehicle Security

International audienceJuglans regia L. (walnut) is a plant traditionally used for the treatment of diarrhea. We investigated the antidiarrheal effects of a hydroethanolic leaf extract (HLE) of J. regia against castor oil-induced diarrhea in rats after screening phenolic compounds in the extract. J. regia HLE (0.5, 1, and 2 g/kg by gavage) produced a dose-dependent delay in the onset of diarrhea compared to the vehicle. It also significantly reduced the number of diarrheal feces, fresh weight and water content of the feces, body weight loss and pain at the two highest doses. Loperamide was effective in inhibiting diarrhea and body weight loss but failed to reduce pain. Our findings show that J. regia HLE has a beneficial effect on diarrhea symptoms and associated pain suggesting that it could be an interesting alternative to standard anti-motility drugs. Flavonoids and hydroxycinnamic acids detected in the extract might explain the effects observed

Holowacz, Sophie

Blondeau, Claude

Guinobert, Isabelle

Guilbot, Angèle

Bardot, Valérie

Cotte, César

Ripoche, Isabelle

Chalard, Pierre

Hidalgo-Lucas, Sophie

Bisson, Jean-François

HAL Clermont Université

Anti-Diarrheal and Anti-Nociceptive Effects of a Hydroethanolic Leaf Extract of Walnut in Rats

http://eprints.covenantuniversity.edu.ng/4747/1/2167-0390-2-109%20%281%29.pdf

A Smart Wireless Car Ignition System for Vehicle Security

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Covenant University Repository

Archivio istituzionale della ricerca - Università di Genova

University of Hertfordshire Research Archive

HAL Clermont Université